{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T16:04:58Z","timestamp":1758816298327},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\u2713 An increasing number of patients with symptomatic carotid artery occlusion are being referred for extracranial to intracranial bypass grafts. After careful clinical and angiographic assessment, a number of these patients have been treated with a direct approach to the carotid arteries in the neck or with anticoagulation rather than with a bypass graft. These patients may be categorized diagnostically under the following headings: 1) complete occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) with intracranial patency; 2) spontaneous dissection of the ICA; 3) atheromatous pseudo-occlusion; 4) carotid artery occlusion with stenosis of the contralateral ICA; 5) occlusion of the ICA and stenosis of the external carotid artery; and 6) thrombus in the intracranial segment of an occluded ICA. Each of these categories is discussed briefly, and illustrative cases are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.54.6.0790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T13:45:35Z","timestamp":1241790335000},"page":"790-796","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives in patients with symptomatic \u201ccarotid occlusion\u201d referred for extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Roberto C.","family":"Heros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laligam N.","family":"Sekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1967.27.4.0353","article-title":"Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery: serial angiography as a guide to conservative therapy.","volume":"27","author":"Allcock","year":"1967"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.8.6.669","article-title":"Unilateral internal carotid arterial occlusions: special considerations.","volume":"8","author":"Andersen","year":"1977"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.22.3.195","article-title":"A case of spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the internal carotid artery.","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"1959"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.28.8.769","article-title":"Delayed cerebral ischemic episodes distal to occlusion of major cerebral arteries.","volume":"28","author":"Barnett","year":"1978"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.9.5.448","article-title":"\u201cStump\u201d of internal carotid artery \u2014 a source for further cerebral embolic ischemia.","volume":"9","author":"Barnett","year":"1978"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1977.00500210034004","article-title":"Amaurosis fugax from disease of the external carotid artery.","volume":"34","author":"Burnbaum","year":"1977"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"South Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197708000-00003","article-title":"Importance of the external carotid artery in extracranial cerebrovascular occlusive disease.","volume":"70","author":"Clayson","year":"1977"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Arch Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1973.01350180037012","article-title":"Endarterectomy of the external carotid artery. 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