{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:16:18Z","timestamp":1790363778377,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\u2713 The energy-requiring cell functions in the brain are described. The role of specific inhibition of these functions, and their critical low-supply levels of blood flow and oxygen are reviewed in relation to clinical management of focal and complete global cerebral ischemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.56.4.0482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T16:22:44Z","timestamp":1241799764000},"page":"482-497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":329,"title":["Energy-requiring cell functions in the ischemic brain"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Jens","family":"Astrup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet","first-page":"631","article-title":"Value of hypothermia and arterial occlusion in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms.","volume":"108","author":"Adams","year":"1959"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Respir Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(69)90019-X","article-title":"Regulations during survival without oxygen in infant mammals.","volume":"7","author":"Adolph","year":"1969"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518009095566","article-title":"Barbiturate protection in focal cerebral ischemia.","volume":"40","author":"Astrup","year":"1980"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90922-3","article-title":"Effects of reduced cerebral blood flow upon EEG pattern, cerebral extracellular potassium, and energy metabolism in the rat cortex during bicuculline-induced seizures.","volume":"177","author":"Astrup","year":"1979"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198109000-00013","article-title":"Inhibition of cerebral oxygen and glucose consumption in the dog by hypothermia, pentobarbital, and lidocaine.","volume":"55","author":"Astrup","year":"1981"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.12.6.726","article-title":"Oxygen and glucose consumption related to Na+-K+ transport in the canine brain.","volume":"12","author":"Astrup","year":"1981"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90817-9","article-title":"Potassium activity in cerebral cortex in rats during progressive severe hypoglycemia.","volume":"103","author":"Astrup","year":"1976"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90238-3","article-title":"The increase in extracellular potassium concentration in the ischemic brain in relation to the preischemic functional activity and cerebral metabolic rate.","volume":"199","author":"Astrup","year":"1980"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.12.6.723","article-title":"Thresholds in cerebral ischemia \u2014 the ischemic penumbra.","volume":"12","author":"Astrup","year":"1981"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198109000-00012","article-title":"Increase in extracellular potassium in the brain during circulatory arrest: effects of hypothermia, lidocaine, and thiopental.","volume":"55","author":"Astrup","year":"1981"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.8.1.51","article-title":"Cortical evoked potential and extracellular K+ and H+ at critical levels of brain ischemia.","volume":"8","author":"Astrup","year":"1977"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Brain Work. The Coupling of Function, Metabolism and Blood Flow in the Brain","first-page":"79","article-title":"Energy utilized by neurotransmitters","author":"Bachelard","year":"1975"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-0620(72)90027-8","article-title":"Complete correction of cardiovascular malformations in the first year of life.","volume":"15","author":"Barratt-Boyes","year":"1972"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Second Henry Ford Hospital International Symposium on Cardiac Surgery","first-page":"119","article-title":"Deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest in infants","author":"Behrendt","year":"1977"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)42809-2","article-title":"Profound hypothermia in cardiac surgery.","volume":"56","author":"Belsey","year":"1968"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00258991","article-title":"Die Wirkung des Chlorpromazins und der Glyk\u00e4mie auf das elektrophysiologisch kontrollierte \u00dcberleben der Hirnrinde bei verschiedenen K\u00f6rpertemperaturen.","volume":"231","author":"Bene\u0161ov\u00e1","year":"1957"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1961.200.3.417","article-title":"Effect of body temperature change on cerebral oxygen consumption of the intact monkey.","volume":"200","author":"Bering","year":"1961"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1974.40.2.0199","article-title":"Effects of profound hypothermia and circulatory arrset on cerebral oxygen metabolism and cerebrospinal fluid electrolyte composition in dogs.","volume":"40","author":"Bering","year":"1974"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197812000-00003","article-title":"Thiopental amelioration of brain damage after global ischemia in monkeys.","volume":"49","author":"Bleyaert","year":"1978"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.10.6.647","article-title":"Barbiturates in focal ischemia of primate cortex: effects on blood flow distribution, evoked potential and extracellular potassium.","volume":"10","author":"Branston","year":"1979"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(77)90014-4","article-title":"Extracellular potassium activity, evoked potential and tissue blood flow. Relationships during progressive ischemia in baboon cerebral cortex.","volume":"32","author":"Branston","year":"1977"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Exp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(74)90112-5","article-title":"Relationship between the cortical evoked potential and local cortical blood flow following acute middle cerebral artery occlusion in the baboon.","volume":"45","author":"Branston","year":"1974"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.37.4.384","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and oxygen uptake, and cerebrospinal fluid biochemistry in severe coma.","volume":"37","author":"Brodersen","year":"1974"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Pfluegers Arch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00364173","article-title":"Die anoxische Terminaldepolarisation als Indicator der Vulnerabilit\u00e4t der Grosshirnrinde bei Anoxie und Isch\u00e4mie.","volume":"264","author":"Bure\u0161","year":"1957"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.9.5.443","article-title":"Free radical pathology.","volume":"9","author":"Butterfield","year":"1978"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1977.tb10665.x","article-title":"Cerebral metabolic changes during prolonged epileptic seizures in rats.","volume":"28","author":"Chapman","year":"1977"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"115","article-title":"Microsurgical vascular bypass for occlusive cerebrovascular disease: review of 100 cases.","volume":"6","author":"Chater","year":"1976"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl","first-page":"7","article-title":"Prolonged artificial hyperventilation in cerebral apoplexy.","volume":"62","author":"Christensen","year":"1976"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197208000-00007","article-title":"The metabolic function of oxygen and biochemical lesions of hypoxia.","volume":"37","author":"Cohen","year":"1972"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196403000-00013","article-title":"Cerebral carbohydrate metabolism in man during halothane anesthesia. Effects of PaCO2 on some aspects of carbohydrate utilization.","volume":"25","author":"Cohen","year":"1964"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Arch Int Physiol Biochim","first-page":"181","article-title":"Conductivity of the cerebral cortex after circulatory arrest at body temperatures from 37\u00b0C to 18\u00b0C.","volume":"72","author":"Collewijn","year":"1964"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Surgery","first-page":"15","article-title":"The protective effect of hypothermia in cerebral ischemia; experimental and clinical application by selective brain cooling in the human.","volume":"52","author":"Connolly","year":"1962"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Brain Work. The Coupling of Function, Metabolism and Blood Flow in the Brain","first-page":"21","article-title":"Neurophysiological correlates of different functional states of the brain","author":"Creutzfeldt","year":"1975"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)42275-7","article-title":"Correction of heart disease in infancy utilizing deep hypothermia and total circulatory arrest.","volume":"61","author":"Dillard","year":"1971"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.11.5.431","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism in vascular insufficiency.","volume":"11","author":"Fieschi","year":"1980"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.9.5.445","article-title":"Free radicals in cerebral ischemia.","volume":"9","author":"Flamm","year":"1978"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1966.tb07512.x","article-title":"Regional energy reserves in mouse brain and changes with ischaemia and anaesthesia.","volume":"13","author":"Gatfield","year":"1966"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410030605","article-title":"Diffuse cerebral ischemia in the cat: I. Local blood flow during severe ischemia and recirculation.","volume":"3","author":"Ginsberg","year":"1978"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"9","article-title":"Drug protection for fetal anoxia.","volume":"26","author":"Goodlin","year":"1965"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Svenska L\u00e4k Tidn","first-page":"117","article-title":"Kliniska erfarenheter med Xylocain\u2014ett nytt lokalanestheticum.","volume":"45","author":"Gordh","year":"1948"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr","first-page":"2170","article-title":"[Hemodynamics and metabolism of the brain in hypnotic poisoning.]","volume":"86","author":"Gottstein","year":"1961"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1976.44.3.0313","article-title":"Clinical experience with extra-intracranial arterial anastomosis in 65 cases.","volume":"44","author":"Gratzl","year":"1976"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1975.tb11881.x","article-title":"The effect of induced hypothermia upon oxygen consumption in the rat brain.","volume":"24","author":"H\u00e4gerdal","year":"1975"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Acta Physiol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1978.tb06079.x","article-title":"The extracellular potassium concentration in brain cortex following ischemia in hypo- and hyperglycemic rats.","volume":"102","author":"Hansen","year":"1978"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Acta Physiol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1977.tb10394.x","article-title":"Extracellular potassium concentration in juvenile and adult rat brain cortex during anoxia.","volume":"99","author":"Hansen","year":"1977"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1979.tb04575.x","article-title":"Brain extracellular potassium and energy metabolism during ischemia in juvenile rats after exposure to hypoxia for 24 h.","volume":"32","author":"Hansen","year":"1979"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1976.00500120017003","article-title":"Cortical neuronal function during ischemia. Effects of occlusion of one middle cerebral artery on single-unit activity in cats.","volume":"33","author":"Heiss","year":"1976"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"387","article-title":"Mechanisms for the maintenance of life in the newborn during anoxia.","volume":"135","author":"Himwich","year":"1942"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Am J Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.103.5.689","article-title":"Brain metabolism in man: unanesthetized and in pentothal narcosis.","volume":"103","author":"Himwich","year":"1947"},{"key":"b50","first-page":"107","article-title":"Total ischemia of the brain","author":"Hossman","year":"1977"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1973.00490300037004","article-title":"Reversibility of ischemic brain damage.","volume":"29","author":"Hossmann","year":"1973"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.8.1.77","article-title":"Cation activities in reversible ischemia of the cat brain.","volume":"8","author":"Hossmann","year":"1977"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Am J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(50)90363-9","article-title":"Circulation and metabolism of the human brain in health and disease.","volume":"8","author":"Kety","year":"1950"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101994","article-title":"The nitrous oxide method for the quantitative determination of cerebral blood flow in man: theory, procedure and normal values.","volume":"27","author":"Kety","year":"1948"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Am J Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.104.12.765","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in schizophrenia. The effects of barbiturate semi-narcosis, insulin coma and electroshock.","volume":"104","author":"Kety","year":"1948"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90207-3","article-title":"Resuscitation of the monkey brain after one hour complete ischemia. III. Indications of metabolic recovery.","volume":"95","author":"Kleihues","year":"1975"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)42797-9","article-title":"The effect of profound hypothermia on preservation of cerebral ATP content during circulatory arrest.","volume":"56","author":"Kramer","year":"1968"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Physiol Bohemoslov","first-page":"195","article-title":"The relationship between the level of certain brain metabolites and the degree of cortical polarity following temporary ischaemia of the brain in rats.","volume":"8","author":"K\u0159iv\u00e1nek","year":"1959"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197809000-00002","article-title":"Cerebral hypometabolism obtained with deep pentobarbital anesthesia and hypothermia (30 C).","volume":"49","author":"Lafferty","year":"1978"},{"key":"b60","series-title":"Physiol Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1959.39.2.183","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man.","volume":"39","author":"Lassen","year":"1959"},{"issue":"4","key":"b61","series-title":"Sci Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1078-62","article-title":"Brain function and blood flow.","volume":"239","author":"Lassen","year":"1978"},{"key":"b62","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90863-5","article-title":"NADH fluorescence, [K+]o and oxygen consumption in cat cerebral cortex during direct cortical stimulation.","volume":"110","author":"Lewis","year":"1976"},{"key":"b63","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1974.tb04390.x","article-title":"Cerebral energy state in insulin-induced hypoglycemia, related to blood glucose and to EEG.","volume":"23","author":"Lewis","year":"1974"},{"key":"b64","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90782-3","article-title":"Influence of tissue acidosis upon restitution of brain energy metabolism following total ischemia.","volume":"77","author":"Ljunggren","year":"1974"},{"key":"b65","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)91050-6","article-title":"Cerebral metabolic state following complete compression ischemia.","volume":"73","author":"Ljunggren","year":"1974"},{"key":"b66","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)91049-X","article-title":"Changes in energy state and acid-base parameters of the rat brain during complete compression ischemia.","volume":"73","author":"Ljunggren","year":"1974"},{"key":"b67","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1975.43.3.0308","article-title":"Experimental cerebral oligemia and ischemia produced by intracranial hypertension. Part 1: Pathophysiology, electroencephalography, cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier and neurological function.","volume":"43","author":"Marshall","year":"1975"},{"key":"b68","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1975.43.3.0323","article-title":"Experimental cerebral oligemia and ischemia produced by intracranial hypertension. Part 3: Brain energy metabolism.","volume":"43","author":"Marshall","year":"1975"},{"key":"b69","series-title":"Brain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/99.3.523","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate early and late in prolonged epileptic seizures induced in rats by bicuculline.","volume":"99","author":"Meldrum","year":"1976"},{"key":"b70","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197409000-00004","article-title":"The interdependency of cerebral function and metabolic effects following massive doses of thiopental in the dog.","volume":"41","author":"Michenfelder","year":"1974"},{"key":"b71","series-title":"Resuscitation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9572(75)90027-1","article-title":"Cerebral protection by anaesthetics during ischaemia (a review).","volume":"4","author":"Michenfelder","year":"1975"},{"key":"b72","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197010000-00013","article-title":"The effects of anesthesia and hypothermia on canine cerebral ATP and lactate during anoxia produced by decapitation.","volume":"33","author":"Michenfelder","year":"1970"},{"key":"b73","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196811000-00005","article-title":"Hypothermia: effect of canine brain and whole-body metabolism.","volume":"29","author":"Michenfelder","year":"1968"},{"key":"b74","series-title":"Fed Proc","first-page":"2493","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow thresholds during cerebral ischemia.","volume":"38","author":"Morawetz","year":"1979"},{"key":"b75","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.9.2.143","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow determined by hydrogen clearance during middle cerebral artery occlusion in unanesthetized monkeys.","volume":"9","author":"Morawetz","year":"1978"},{"key":"b76","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","first-page":"282","article-title":"Identical thresholds for cerebral ischemia in white and gray matter.","volume":"60","author":"Morawetz","year":"1979"},{"key":"b77","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197504000-00018","article-title":"Etidocaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine seizure thresholds in monkeys.","volume":"42","author":"Munson","year":"1975"},{"key":"b78","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1977.00500140019003","article-title":"Nervous system effects of cardiac arrest in monkeys. Preservation of vision.","volume":"34","author":"Myers","year":"1977"},{"key":"b79","series-title":"Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-197807000-00002","article-title":"Pathogenesis of cerebral ischemiaanoxia.","volume":"6","author":"Nemoto","year":"1978"},{"key":"b80","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.3.1287","article-title":"Calcium modulation in brain extracellular microenvironment demonstrated with ion-selective micropipette.","volume":"74","author":"Nicholson","year":"1977"},{"key":"b81","series-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl","first-page":"18","article-title":"The effect of phenobarbitone anaesthesia on blood flow and oxygen consumption in the rat brain.","volume":"57","author":"Nilsson","year":"1975"},{"key":"b82","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1976.tb04487.x","article-title":"Oxidative metabolism of the cerebral cortex of the rat in severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia.","volume":"26","author":"Norberg","year":"1976"},{"key":"b83","series-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1978.tb01272.x","article-title":"Reduction of cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption with a combination of barbiturate anaesthesia and induced hypothermia in the rat.","volume":"22","author":"Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"1978"},{"key":"b84","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.9.4.335","article-title":"Effects of phenobarbital on cerebral ischemia. Part II: Restitution of cerebral energy state, as well as of glycolytic metabolites, citric acid cycle intermediates and associated amino acids after pronounced incomplete ischemia.","volume":"9","author":"Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"1978"},{"key":"b85","series-title":"Acta Physiol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1978.tb06279.x","article-title":"Influence of phenobarbital on changes in the metabolites of the energy reserve of the cerebral cortex following complete ischemia.","volume":"104","author":"Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"1978"},{"key":"b86","series-title":"J Surg Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(68)90099-1","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen, hypothermia, and cerebral ischemia in the dog.","volume":"8","author":"Patterson","year":"1968"},{"key":"b87","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060502","article-title":"Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F-18) 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: validation of method.","volume":"6","author":"Phelps","year":"1979"},{"key":"b88","series-title":"J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104623","article-title":"Cerebral circulation and metabolism during thiopental anesthesia and hyperventilation in man.","volume":"41","author":"Pierce","year":"1962"},{"key":"b89","series-title":"Can Anaesth Soc J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03007408","article-title":"Protection of the brain from hypoxia: a review.","volume":"25","author":"Ping","year":"1978"},{"key":"b90","series-title":"Pathophysiology and Pharmacology of Cerebrovascular Disorders","first-page":"196","article-title":"Experimental hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus worsen stroke outcome","author":"Pulsinelli","year":"1980"},{"key":"b91","series-title":"Acta Physiol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1980.tb06692.x","article-title":"Excessive cellular acidosis: an important mechanism of neuronal damage in the brain?","volume":"110","author":"Rehncrona","year":"1980"},{"key":"b92","series-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518009095568","article-title":"Barbiturate protection against ischemic brain damage.","volume":"40","author":"Renck","year":"1980"},{"key":"b93","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197812000-00001","article-title":"Barbiturates following cardiac arrest: possible benefit or Pandora's box?","volume":"49","author":"Rockoff","year":"1978"},{"key":"b94","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"332","article-title":"Hypothermia and cerebral vascular lesions. I. Experimental interruption of the middle cerebral artery during hypothermia.","volume":"13","author":"Rosomoff","year":"1956"},{"key":"b95","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1954.179.1.85","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption during hypothermia.","volume":"179","author":"Rosomoff","year":"1954"},{"key":"b96","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.11.5.565","article-title":"Amelioration of post-ischemic brain damage with barbiturates.","volume":"11","author":"Safar","year":"1980"},{"key":"b97","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197405000-00004","article-title":"The effects of lidocaine on canine cerebral metabolism and circulation related to the electroencephalogram.","volume":"40","author":"Sakabe","year":"1974"},{"key":"b98","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1959.196.2.325","article-title":"Cerebral free energy and viability: ATP in rats under nitrogen and iodoacetate with the effects of temperature.","volume":"196","author":"Samsom","year":"1959"},{"key":"b99","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1960.198.1.213","article-title":"Rate of cerebral ATP utilization in rats.","volume":"198","author":"Samson","year":"1960"},{"key":"b100","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1944.141.3.297","article-title":"Influence of glucose on the gasping pattern of young animals subjected to acute anoxia.","volume":"141","author":"Selle","year":"1944"},{"key":"b101","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.4.4.674","article-title":"Correlation of continuous electroencephalograms with cerebral blood flow measurements during carotid end-arterectomy.","volume":"4","author":"Sharbrough","year":"1973"},{"key":"b102","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.12.2.236","article-title":"Brain extracellular ion composition and EEG activity following 10 minutes ischemia in normo- and hyperglycemic rats.","volume":"12","author":"Siemkowicz","year":"1981"},{"key":"b103","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical restitution following cerebral ischemia in hypo-, normo- and hyperglycemic rats.","volume":"58","author":"Siemkowicz","year":"1978"},{"key":"b104","series-title":"Brain Energy Metabolism","author":"Siesj\u00f6","year":"1978"},{"key":"b105","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1970.tb05612.x","article-title":"The mechanism of action of aminophylline upon cerebral vascular disorders.","volume":"46","author":"Skinh\u00f8j","year":"1970"},{"key":"b106","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197709000-00010","article-title":"Barbiturate protection in cerebral hypoxia.","volume":"47","author":"Smith","year":"1977"},{"key":"b107","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.5.1.1","article-title":"Barbiturate protection in acute focal cerebral ischemia.","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"1974"},{"key":"b108","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198009000-00002","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of different barbiturates on lipid peroxidation in brain tissue in vitro: comparison with the effects of promethazine and chlorpromazine.","volume":"53","author":"Smith","year":"1980"},{"key":"b109","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1963.20.1.0046","article-title":"Occlusion of the blood supply to the brain of the goat. Protective effect of deep hypothermia.","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"1963"},{"key":"b110","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.10.2.135","article-title":"Failure of thiopental to modify global anoxic injury.","volume":"10","author":"Snyder","year":"1979"},{"key":"b111","series-title":"Basic Neurochemistry","first-page":"299","article-title":"Circulation and energy metabolism of the brain","author":"Sokoloff","year":"1972"},{"key":"b112","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1981.4","article-title":"Localization of functional activity in the central nervous system by measurements of glucose utilization with radioactive deoxyglucose.","volume":"1","author":"Sokoloff","year":"1981"},{"key":"b113","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196809000-00022","article-title":"The effect of hyperventilation on subsequent cerebral infarction.","volume":"29","author":"Soloway","year":"1968"},{"key":"b114","series-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518009095567","article-title":"Barbiturate protection against ischemic brain damage.","volume":"40","author":"Steen","year":"1980"},{"key":"b115","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198009000-00001","article-title":"Mechanisms of barbiturate protection.","volume":"53","author":"Steen","year":"1980"},{"key":"b116","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060503","article-title":"Incomplete versus complete cerebral ischemia: improved outcome with a minimal blood flow.","volume":"6","author":"Steen","year":"1979"},{"key":"b117","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410050407","article-title":"No barbiturate protection in a dog model of complete cerebral ischemia.","volume":"5","author":"Steen","year":"1979"},{"key":"b118","series-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet","first-page":"313","article-title":"The effect of lowered body temperature on the cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism of man.","volume":"103","author":"Stone","year":"1956"},{"key":"b119","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197610000-00012","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of nerve block by local anesthetics.","volume":"45","author":"Strichartz","year":"1976"},{"key":"b120","series-title":"The Cerebral Vessel Wall","first-page":"165","article-title":"Morphological changes in cerebral blood vessels in chronic ischemic infarction: flow correlation obtained by the hydrogen clearance method","author":"Symon","year":"1976"},{"key":"b121","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.6.5.482","article-title":"Local cerebral blood flow and vascular reactivity in a chronic stable stroke in baboons.","volume":"6","author":"Symon","year":"1975"},{"key":"b122","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.5.3.355","article-title":"The distribution and density of reduced cerebral blood flow following acute middle cerebral artery occlusion: an experimental study by the technique of hydrogen clearance in baboons.","volume":"5","author":"Symon","year":"1974"},{"key":"b123","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.11.5.487","article-title":"Correlation between rCBF and histological changes following temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion.","volume":"11","author":"Tamura","year":"1980"},{"key":"b124","series-title":"J Neurochem","first-page":"150","article-title":"[Metabolic processes in the brain at normal and reduced temperatures and under anoxic and ischaemic conditions.]","volume":"2","author":"Thorn","year":"1958"},{"key":"b125","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1969.216.2.348","article-title":"Effect of ischemia on metabolism of the brain of the newborn mouse.","volume":"216","author":"Thurston","year":"1969"},{"key":"b126","series-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(73)90151-X","article-title":"Relation between EEG, regional cerebral blood flow and internal carotid artery pressure during carotid endarterectomy.","volume":"34","author":"Trojaborg","year":"1973"},{"key":"b127","series-title":"The Structure and Function of Nervous Tissue","first-page":"447","article-title":"The extracellular space in the vertebrate central nervous system","volume":"IV","author":"van","year":"1972"},{"key":"b128","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1956.187.1.180","article-title":"Cerebral impedance changes after circulatory arrest.","volume":"187","author":"van","year":"1956"},{"key":"b129","series-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1979.tb04855.x","article-title":"Effects of ischemia on the removal of extracellular potassium in cat cortex during pentylenetetrazol seizures.","volume":"20","author":"Vern","year":"1979"},{"key":"b130","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(72)90802-5","article-title":"Potassium-selective microelectrodes used for measuring the extracellular brain potassium during spreading depression and anoxic depolarization in rats.","volume":"39","author":"Vysko\u010dil","year":"1972"},{"key":"b131","series-title":"Anesthesiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-195105000-00006","article-title":"Blood flow and oxygen consumption of the human brain during anesthesia produced by thiopental.","volume":"12","author":"Wechsler","year":"1951"},{"key":"b132","series-title":"Biochem J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0820205","article-title":"The dependence of the respiration of brain cortex on active cation transport.","volume":"82","author":"Whittam","year":"1962"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/56\/4\/article-p482.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/56\/4\/article-p482.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/56\/4\/article-p482.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]],"date-time":"2022-07-24T13:00:40Z","timestamp":1658667640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/56\/4\/article-p482.xml"}},"subtitle":["Their critical supply and possible inhibition in protective therapy"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1982,4]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1982.56.4.0482","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1982,4]]}}}