{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T13:22:24Z","timestamp":1781184144841,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\u2713 An implantable device for measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in a ventriculoperitoneal shunt tube has been developed. The unit is energized by an extracorporeal high-frequency generator (200 KHz), and electrolysis creates bubbles in the shunt tube. Velocity of bubble flow is detected by a pair of ultrasonic Doppler probes placed a certain distance apart on the skin surface and in parallel with the implanted tube. The CSF flow rate is calculated taking into account velocity and tube diameter, and is expressed in ml\/min. The unit consists of a coil with a capacitor, a silicon diode to rectify the high frequency, and a Zener diode to regulate maximum output voltage of 20 V. The output is fed to a pair of platinum electrodes placed inside the unit's tunnel through which the CSF flows. These components are molded in epoxy resin and coated with medical-grade silicone rubber. In animal experiments, CSF flow rates ranging from 0.033 to 1.0 ml\/min could be measured by this flowmeter. Clinically, CSF flow has been measured to date in several cases. In two cases of communicating hydrocephalus occurring after the onset of cerebrovascular disease, and in which the CSF flow was continuously monitored for 24 hours, the flow rate ranged between 0.05 and 0.78 ml\/min. The CSF flow rate fluctuates in a 24-hour period, increasing in the morning, especially between 12 midnight and 6 a.m., which suggests a circadian rhythm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.58.4.0557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T18:23:41Z","timestamp":1241807021000},"page":"557-561","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["A new method for measuring cerebrospinal fluid flow in shunts"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Hara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikafusa","family":"Kadowaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshifumi","family":"Konishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motohide","family":"Ogashiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuo","family":"Numoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1980.52.5.0700","article-title":"Thermosensitive determination of CSF shunt patency with a pair of small disc thermistors.","volume":"52","author":"Chiba","year":"1980"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1966.24.4.0743","article-title":"Evaluation of surgical and spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid shunts by isotope scanning.","volume":"24","author":"Di Chiro","year":"1966"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Nucl Med","first-page":"920","article-title":"111In-DTPA evaluation of CSF diversionary shunts in children.","volume":"14","author":"Gilday","year":"1973"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol","first-page":"100","article-title":"A harmless method for the assessment of the patency of ventriculoatrial shunts in hydrocephalus.","author":"Go","year":"1968"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol","first-page":"69","article-title":"Detection of CSF flow in ventriculo-atrial shunts by cold transfer.","volume":"12","author":"Go","year":"1970"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"IRCS Med Sci (Nerv Syst)","first-page":"812","article-title":"A non-invasive CSF flowmeter.","volume":"9","author":"Hara","year":"1981"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1148\/112.2.379","article-title":"Quantitation of cerebrospinal fluid shunt flow.","volume":"112","author":"Harbert","year":"1974"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.21.565","article-title":"[Flow rates of cerebrospinal fluid shunts\u2014evaluation on normally functioning shunts.]","volume":"21","author":"Kadoya","year":"1981"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1963.20.12.1025","article-title":"Test for patency of ventriculovascular shunt for hydrocephalus with radioactive iodinated serum albumin.","volume":"20","author":"Kagen","year":"1963"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Neurochirurgia (Stuttg)","first-page":"210","article-title":"A simple method to determine patency of ventriculo-atrial shunts in children with hydrocephalus.","volume":"11","author":"Lakke","year":"1968"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Surg Forum","first-page":"399","article-title":"Treatment of hydrocephalus by direct shunt from ventricle to jugular vein.","volume":"2","author":"Nulsen","year":"1952"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Brain and Nerve","first-page":"123","article-title":"[ICP changes during REM sleep.]","volume":"35","author":"Ogashiwa","year":"1983"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Nerv Syst Child","first-page":"255","article-title":"[Quantitative measurement of CSF shunt flow and evaluation of shunt function in hydrocephalic patients.]","volume":"6","author":"Ohya","year":"1981"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Nucl Med","first-page":"683","article-title":"Radionuclide assessment of cerebrospinal fluid shunt function in children.","volume":"14","author":"Rudd","year":"1973"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1978.49.3.0398","article-title":"Determination of cerebrospinal fluid shunt function with water-soluble contrast medium.","volume":"49","author":"Savoiardo","year":"1978"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.56.3.0411","article-title":"Malfunctioning ventriculoperitoneal shunts. 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Technical note.","volume":"54","author":"Stein","year":"1981"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Neurol Surg","first-page":"253","article-title":"[Thermographic determination of cerebrospinal fluid shunt patency with Chameleon Print.]","volume":"6","author":"Yamasaki","year":"1978"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/58\/4\/article-p557.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/58\/4\/article-p557.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/58\/4\/article-p557.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]],"date-time":"2022-11-13T05:21:51Z","timestamp":1668316911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/58\/4\/article-p557.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1983,4]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1983.58.4.0557","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1983,4]]}}}