{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:39:17Z","timestamp":1778762357852,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\u2713 Patients with high spinal cord injuries may be totally dependent on artificial ventilation. Prolonged use of mechanical devices requires intensive care, which restricts the mobility of these patients. Electrophrenic respiration has been used with success to overcome this difficulty. However, a prerequisite for electrophrenic respiration is a viable phrenic nerve. Patients with spinal cord injuries at the C-3 to C-5 levels do not have a viable phrenic nerve due to gradual degeneration of axons in these nerves.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">In the present study on cats, the authors caused degeneration in one of the phrenic nerves by sectioning it low in the neck. Then the distal end of the phrenic nerve was anastomosed to the proximal segment of a sectioned brachial nerve. Sixteen to 32 weeks were allowed for the growth of brachial axons into the anastomosed phrenic nerve. Each cat served as its own control because one of the phrenic nerves was left intact. It was observed that pacing of the anastomosed phrenic nerve produced respiration comparable to spontaneous respiration or to respiration induced by pacing the intact phrenic nerve. Lack of rhythmic bursts of electrical activity in the anastomosed phrenic nerve and electromyographic activity in the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm confirmed that the anastomosed phrenic nerve remained disconnected from the respiratory motoneurons. Abundance of collagen matrix in the electron micrographs of the anastomosed phrenic nerve indicated that degeneration of the axons of phrenic motoneurons had occurred and the brachial nerve had grown into the phrenic nerve stump. These results indicate that electrophrenic respiration may be possible in patients with spinal cord injuries at the C-3 to C-5 vertebral levels if the phrenic nerve is kept viable by anastomosing it to a branch of the brachial nerve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.59.2.0262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T16:17:02Z","timestamp":1241799422000},"page":"262-267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Electrophrenic respiration following anastomosis of phrenic with brachial nerve in the cat"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Abbott J.","family":"Krieger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Danetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu Z.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Spatola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hreday N.","family":"Sapru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Biology Data Book.","first-page":"220","author":"Altman","year":"1964"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Muscles Alive. Their Functions Revealed by Electromyography","first-page":"23","author":"Basmajian","year":"1978"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Text-Atlas of Cat Anatomy.","first-page":"231","author":"Crouch","year":"1969"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Elementary Statistics with Applications in Medicine and Biological Sciences.","first-page":"235","author":"Croxton","year":"1959"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Inst Radio Eng Trans Bio Med Elect","first-page":"253","article-title":"Transitorized pacemaker for remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency transmission.","volume":"8","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1961"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Fixation, Dehydration and Embedding of Biological Specimens.","first-page":"73","author":"Glauert","year":"1980"},{"issue":"5","key":"b7","series-title":"Surg Clin North Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)42233-4","article-title":"Ventilatory support of the quadriplegic patient with respiratory paralysis by diaphragm pacing.","volume":"60","author":"Glenn","year":"1980"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Ann Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197010000-00020","article-title":"Central hypoventilation; long-term ventilatory assistance by radiofrequency electrophrenic respiration.","volume":"172","author":"Glenn","year":"1970"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)40583-7","article-title":"Diaphragm pacing by radiofrequency transmission, in the treatment of chronic ventilatory insufficiency. Present status.","volume":"66","author":"Glenn","year":"1973"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197203092861004","article-title":"Total ventilatory support in a quadriplegic patient with radiofrequency electrophrenic respiration.","volume":"286","author":"Glenn","year":"1972"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Ann Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197605000-00014","article-title":"Long-term ventilatory support by diaphragm pacing in quadriplegia.","volume":"183","author":"Glenn","year":"1976"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body","first-page":"959","year":"1973"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Diaphragm Pacer: Application Manual.","first-page":"12","author":"Haut","year":"1981"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Surg Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(81)90006-8","article-title":"Evaluation of electrical parameters for diaphragm pacing: an experimental study.","volume":"30","author":"Oda","year":"1981"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"228","article-title":"Stimulation of pulmonary J receptors by an enkephalin-analog.","volume":"217","author":"Sapru","year":"1981"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1126\/science.108.2809.482","article-title":"Electrophrenic respiration.","volume":"108","author":"Sarnoff","year":"1948"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet","first-page":"190","article-title":"Electrophrenic respiration. 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The motor point of phrenic nerve in relation to external stimulation.","volume":"93","author":"Sarnoff","year":"1951"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Surgery","first-page":"817","article-title":"Further experience with electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve: electrically induced fatigue.","volume":"68","author":"Sato","year":"1970"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Pathol Res Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(80)80180-4","article-title":"Usefulness of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of tumors.","volume":"167","author":"Sobel","year":"1980"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/59\/2\/article-p262.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/59\/2\/article-p262.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/59\/2\/article-p262.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]],"date-time":"2022-11-13T04:01:07Z","timestamp":1668312067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/59\/2\/article-p262.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1983,8]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1983.59.2.0262","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1983,8]]}}}