{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:34:45Z","timestamp":1791905685125,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\u2713 Forty consecutive cases of causalgia treated during a 7-year period are presented. The patients ranged in age between 17 and 55 years, and all patients were males who received their nerve injuries from missile or shrapnel wounds. The greater occipital nerve was involved in two cases, median nerve in 10, sciatic nerve in 12, brachial plexus in seven, cauda equina in five, and multiple nerves in four cases. Each patient was treated with phenoxybenzamine, a postsynaptic <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-blocker and presynaptic <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-blocking agent. The drug was given orally in gradually increasing increments until a maximum daily dose of 40 to 120 mg was reached. Duration of treatment was usually 6 to 8 weeks. Total resolution of pain was achieved in all cases. The follow-up period ranged between 6 months and 6 years. Side effects of phenoxybenzamine were minimal and transient, consisting primarily of mild orthostatic hypotension and ejaculatory problems. We conclude that oral phenoxybenzamine is a simple, safe, and effective treatment of causalgia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.60.6.1263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T16:17:00Z","timestamp":1241799420000},"page":"1263-1268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Phenoxybenzamine in the treatment of causalgia"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Salim Y.","family":"Ghostine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssef G.","family":"Comair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donn M.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal F.","family":"Kassell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille G.","family":"Azar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Am J Surg","first-page":"690","article-title":"Causalgia. 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A review of its characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment.","volume":"21","author":"Kirklin","year":"1947"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Management of Peripheral Nerve Problems.","first-page":"216","article-title":"Reflex sympathetic dystrophy","author":"Lankford","year":"1980"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Presse Med","first-page":"178","article-title":"De la causalgie envisag\u00e9e comme une n\u00e9vrite du sympathique et son traitement par la d\u00e9nudation et l'excision des plexus nerveux p\u00e9ri-art\u00e9riels.","volume":"24","author":"Leriche","year":"1916"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"La Chirurgie de la Douleur.","author":"Leriche","year":"1940"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.41.7.664","article-title":"Painful peripheral states and sympathetic blocks.","volume":"41","author":"Loh","year":"1978"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Causalgia.","author":"Mayfield","year":"1951"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Contributions Relating to the Causation and Prevention of Disease, and to Camp Diseases.","article-title":"On the diseases of nerves, resulting from injuries","author":"Mitchell","year":"1867"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Gunshot Wounds and Other Injuries of Nerves.","author":"Mitchell","year":"1864"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.57.5.0660","article-title":"Ultrastructural changes in rat peripheral nerve following pneumatic tourniquet compression.","volume":"57","author":"Nitz","year":"1982"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"The Fine Structure of the Nervous System: the Neurons and Supporting Cells.","first-page":"186","author":"Peters","year":"1976"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"462","article-title":"The retracted ephapse.","volume":"2","year":"1978"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1967.00470220003001","article-title":"Causalgia. 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A study of 75 cases.","volume":"83","author":"Ulmer","year":"1946"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry","first-page":"559","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the upper thoracic portion of the sympathetic chain in man.","volume":"59","author":"Walker","year":"1948"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Phantom and Stump Pain.","first-page":"2","article-title":"On the origin of pain associated with amputation","author":"Wall","year":"1981"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Exp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(74)90197-6","article-title":"Ongoing activity in peripheral nerves: the physiology and pharmacology of impulses originating from a neuroma.","volume":"43","author":"Wall","year":"1974"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Pain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(79)90124-6","article-title":"The production and prevention of experimental anesthesia dolorosa.","volume":"6","author":"Wall","year":"1979"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Sensory Functions of the Skin with Special Reference to Man.","first-page":"489","article-title":"Preliminary observations on the pathophysiology of hyperalgesia in the causalgic pain syndrome","author":"Wallin","year":"1976"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"International Symposium on Pain. Advances in Neurology","first-page":"629","article-title":"Sympathectomy for relief of pain","volume":"4","author":"White","year":"1974"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Ann Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-194808000-00001","article-title":"Causalgia following gunshot injuries of nerves. Role of emotional stimuli and surgical cure through interruption of diencephalic efferent discharge by sympathectomy.","volume":"128","author":"White","year":"1948"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(83)90091-7","article-title":"Possible role of sympathetic activity in abnormal behavior of rats induced by lesion of the sciatic nerve.","volume":"7","author":"Wiesenfeld-Hallin","year":"1983"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/60\/6\/article-p1263.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/60\/6\/article-p1263.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/60\/6\/article-p1263.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]],"date-time":"2022-07-24T19:17:49Z","timestamp":1658690269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/60\/6\/article-p1263.xml"}},"subtitle":["Report of 40 cases"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1984.60.6.1263","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,6]]}}}