{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T11:19:00Z","timestamp":1761823140973},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\u2713 Before the turn of the century, W. W. Keen was the most celebrated neurosurgeon in the United States. During the Civil War he served as a surgeon in the Union Army. He collaborated with Mitchell and Morehouse in clinical studies that culminated in their publishing <jats:italic>Gunshot Wounds and Other Injuries of Nerves<\/jats:italic>. In 1887, he was the first surgeon in the Americas to remove a benign brain tumor. He perfected a technique for ventricular puncture, devised operations for spasmodic torticollis, microcephalus, and tic douloureaux, and introduced many European neurosurgical techniques to the United States. An astute clinician and excellent teacher, Keen had no research interests other than anatomical and pathological dissections. He published over 50 papers on neurosurgical topics, in addition to articles on numerous other subjects. Although recognized as a pioneer in neurosurgery, he is not usually considered a founder of neurosurgery in the United States because of his failure to develop the specialty further than his contemporaries in the remainder of the neurosurgical world. This failure related not to his abilities, but probably to the fact that he was elderly before it became technically possible to perform safe and effective intracranial procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.64.5.0705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T16:16:39Z","timestamp":1241799399000},"page":"705-712","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["W. W. Keen and the dawn of American neurosurgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"William F.","family":"Bingham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Doctors Made in America.","author":"Bauer","year":"1963"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"A History of American Neurology.","author":"DeJong","year":"1982"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Endothelioma of the gasserian ganglion; two successive resections of the ganglion; first, by the extradural (Hartley-Krause) operation, and secondly, by an intradural operation.","volume":"34","author":"Dercum","year":"1900"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Ann Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-192501010-00021","article-title":"Spasmodic torticollis.","volume":"81","author":"Finney","year":"1925"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"A History of Neurological Surgery.","first-page":"334","article-title":"Surgery of the congenital anomalies","author":"Fisher","year":"1951"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Dandy of Johns Hopkins.","author":"Fox","year":"1984"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Harvey Cushing. A Biography.","author":"Fulton","year":"1946"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Trans Coll Physicians Phila","first-page":"25","article-title":"The Philadelphia School of Anatomy (1820\u20131875).","volume":"38","author":"Geist","year":"1970"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Trans Coll Physicians Phila","first-page":"304","article-title":"William Williams Keen, M.D., and the teaching of artistic anatomy.","volume":"41","author":"Geist","year":"1974"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Trans Coll Physicians Phila","first-page":"182","article-title":"William Williams Keen, M.D. (1837\u20131932), surgeon and author.","volume":"44","author":"Geist","year":"1977"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Trans Coll Physicians Phila","first-page":"337","article-title":"The writings of William Williams Keen, M.D., Hon. F.R.C.S.: a selective annotated bibliography.","volume":"43","author":"Geist","year":"1976"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilk","first-page":"193","article-title":"Ueber eine Form von Ptosis.","volume":"7","author":"Horner","year":"1869"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Med News","first-page":"557","article-title":"Craniectomy for microcephalus \u2014 the later history of a case of excision of the hand-centre for epilepsy.","volume":"57","author":"Keen","year":"1890"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Med News","first-page":"603","article-title":"Exploratory trephining and puncture of the brain almost to the lateral ventricle, for intracranial pressure supposed to be due to an abscess in the temporosphenoidal lobe. Temporary improvement; death on the fifth day; autopsy: meningitis with effusion into the ventricles, with a description of a proposed operation to tap and drain the ventricles as a definite surgical procedure.","volume":"53","author":"Keen","year":"1888"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Am J Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-189106000-00001","article-title":"Linear craniotomy (miscalled craniectomy) for microcephalus.","volume":"101","author":"Keen","year":"1891"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Ann Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-189101000-00003","article-title":"A new operation for spasmodic wry neck. Namely, division or exsection of the nerves supplying the posterior rotator muscles of the head.","volume":"13","author":"Keen","year":"1891"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Phila Med J","first-page":"32","article-title":"On the use of the Gigli wire saw to obtain access to the brain.","volume":"1","author":"Keen","year":"1898"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stretching of the facial nerve. Report of a new case, with remarks, and a summary of previously reported cases.","volume":"4","author":"Keen","year":"1886"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"553","article-title":"Surgery of the lateral ventricles of the brain.","volume":"2","author":"Keen","year":"1890"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Surgery in America, From the Colonial Era to the Twentieth Century","first-page":"340","article-title":"The surgical operations on President Cleveland in 1893","author":"Keen","year":"1983"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Addresses and Other Papers.","first-page":"420","article-title":"Surgical reminiscences of the Civil War","author":"Keen","year":"1905"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Trans Am Surg Assoc","first-page":"293","article-title":"Three successful cases of cerebral surgery, including (1) the removal of a large intracranial fibroma; (2) exsection of damaged brain tissue; and (3) exsection of the cerebral centre for the left hand, with remarks on the general technique of such operations.","volume":"6","author":"Keen","year":"1888"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1918.02600250005002","article-title":"Removal of brain tumor. Report of a case in which the patient survived for more than thirty years.","volume":"70","author":"Keen","year":"1918"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis","first-page":"838","article-title":"Failure of sciatic stretching for a typical case of symmetrical lateral sclerosis.","volume":"17","author":"Keen","year":"1890"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Proc Phila Cty Med Soc","first-page":"73","article-title":"Removal of the gasserian ganglion as the last of fourteen operations in thirteen years for tic douloureux.","volume":"15","author":"Keen","year":"1894"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1023","article-title":"Peripheral resection of fifth nerve. Three cases with microscopic examination of the portions of the nerves removed and report on the later condition of patients.","volume":"34","author":"Keen","year":"1900"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Am J Med Sci","first-page":"503","article-title":"Remarks on resection of the Gasserian ganglion, with a pathological report on severe ganglia removed by Professor Keen.","volume":"116","author":"Keen","year":"1898"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Am J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(51)90307-8","article-title":"Surgical operations fifty years ago.","volume":"82","author":"Matas","year":"1951"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Injuries of Nerves and Their Consequences.","first-page":"ix","article-title":"Introduction to the Dover edition","author":"McHenry","year":"1872"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1943.02290160096008","article-title":"Surgical history of trigeminal neuralgia.","volume":"49","author":"Meirowsky","year":"1943"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Bull Hist Med","first-page":"14","article-title":"Turner's Lane Hospital.","volume":"40","author":"Middleton","year":"1966"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1445","article-title":"The Medical Department in the Civil War.","volume":"62","author":"Mitchell","year":"1914"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Gunshot Wounds and Other Injuries of Nerves.","author":"Mitchell","year":"1864"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Centralbl Chir","first-page":"857","article-title":"Zur Technik der Sch\u00e4deltrepanation.","volume":"24","author":"Obalinski","year":"1897"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Phila Med J","first-page":"1039","article-title":"The division of the sensory root of the trigeminus for the relief of tic douloureux; an experimental, pathological and clinical study, with a preliminary report of one surgically successful case.","volume":"8","author":"Spiller","year":"1901"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/64\/5\/article-p705.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/64\/5\/article-p705.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/64\/5\/article-p705.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]],"date-time":"2022-07-24T17:47:30Z","timestamp":1658684850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/64\/5\/article-p705.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,5]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1986.64.5.0705","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,5]]}}}