{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T16:57:51Z","timestamp":1775753871569,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\u2713 Pituitary adenomas may remain intrasellar or infiltrate dura and bone. Invasive adenomas are not considered to be malignant; in biological behavior they are between non-infiltrative adenomas and pituitary carcinomas. The latter are defined as tumors with subarachnoid, brain, or systemic metastasis. Invasion may be defined radiologically, operatively, or histologically. On the basis of operatively assessed tumor size and gross invasion of dura and bone as well as immunocytochemical and ultrastructural analysis of 365 pituitary adenomas, the following data were obtained. There were 23 growth hormone (GH)-cell adenomas: 14% microadenomas and 86% macroadenomas; their overall frequency of invasion was 50%. There were 24 prolactin (PRL)-cell adenomas: 33% microadenomas and 67% macroadenomas, with an overall frequency of invasion of 52%. Mixed GH-cell and PRL-cell adenomas were found in 35 cases; 26% were microadenomas and 74% were macroadenomas, and the overall frequency of invasion was 31%. Sixty patients had adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-cell adenomas (Cushing's disease): 87% microadenomas and 13% macroadenomas; the overall frequency of invasion was 25% (in 8% of microadenomas and 62% of macroadenomas). Twenty patients had ACTH-cell adenomas (Nelson's syndrome): 30% microadenomas and 70% macroadenomas; the overall frequency of invasion in these cases was 50% (in 17% of microadenomas and 64% of macroadenomas). Silent ACTH-cell adenomas, 100% macroadenomas, were found in 11 patients, with an 82% frequency of invasion. There were 32 follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone adenomas, all macroadenomas, with a frequency of invasion of 21%. Four patients had thyroid-stimulating hormone adenomas, all macroadenomas, with a 75% frequency of invasion. Null-cell adenomas were found in 93 cases: 2% microadenomas and 98% macroadenomas, with a frequency of invasion of 42%. There were 63 plurihormonal adenomas (GH, PRL, glycoprotein): 25% microadenomas and 75% macroadenomas, with a 50% overall frequency of invasion.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">Based on this study, and on their usual frequency of occurrence, the estimated rate of gross invasion by pituitary adenomas of all types is approximately 35%. It is concluded that immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of pituitary adenomas reflect the tendency of these tumors to infiltrate and hence may be of prognostic significance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.65.6.0733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T16:17:54Z","timestamp":1241799474000},"page":"733-744","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":324,"title":["Pathology of invasive pituitary tumors with special reference to functional classification"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Bernd W.","family":"Scheithauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalman T.","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward R.","family":"Laws","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond V.","family":"Randall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Arch Pathol","first-page":"368","article-title":"Malignant adenomas of the chromophobe cells of the pituitary body.","volume":"29","author":"Bailey","year":"1940"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1968.28.2.0093","article-title":"Anatomical variations in the pituitary gland and adjacent structures in 225 human autopsy cases.","volume":"28","author":"Bergland","year":"1968"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.63.1.0039","article-title":"Pituitary enlargement mimicking pituitary tumor.","volume":"63","author":"Bilaniuk","year":"1985"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary Tumors.","first-page":"141","article-title":"Light and electron microscopy of pituitary tumors","author":"Bloodworth","year":"1979"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Brain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/59.4.395","article-title":"Pituitary basophilism associated with a basophil carcinoma of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.","volume":"59","author":"Cohen","year":"1936"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-42-5-857","article-title":"Human mixed somatotrophic and lactotrophic pituitary adenomas.","volume":"42","author":"Corenblum","year":"1976"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Surgical Pathology.","first-page":"879","article-title":"The pituitary gland","volume":"2","author":"Crocker","year":"1978"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711090408","article-title":"Carcinoma of the pituitary gland.","volume":"109","author":"D'Abrera","year":"1973"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"314","article-title":"A consideration of the hypophysial adenomata.","volume":"13","author":"Dott","year":"1925"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.64.5.0713","article-title":"Long-term results in transsphenoidal removal of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.","volume":"64","author":"Ebersold","year":"1986"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-195307000-00001","article-title":"Primary carcinoma of the pituitary.","volume":"12","author":"Feiring","year":"1953"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1972.36.6.0781","article-title":"Primary carcinoma of the pituitary with metastasis to the brain stem. 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