{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:25:05Z","timestamp":1792182305488,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\u2713 Protection of the brain and spinal cord against ischemia is a goal of vast clinical importance. One approach to this objective is to reduce the tissue's functional activity in order to preserve energy for the metabolic processes that are essential to viability. Experiments to explore ways of reducing function-related energy demands were performed on isolated rabbit retina, a well-characterized model of organized adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) tissue. The retina was maintained in a nearly physiological state in a miniature \u201cheart-lung\u201d apparatus. Energy metabolism (oxygen consumption and glycolysis) and electrophysiological function (determined by electroretinogram) of the<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>retina were monitored, and their responses to a series of agents that may reduce energy requirements were determined.<\/jats:p><jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">Large reversible reductions in O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>consumption, glycolysis, and electrophysiological function were seen in response to mild hypothermia ( \u22123\u00b0 to \u22126\u00b0C), phenytoin (Dilantin, 100 to 200 mg\/kg), chlordiazepoxide (Librium, 200<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>M), lithium (1 to 4 mM), Mg<jats:sup>++<\/jats:sup>(6 to 20 mM), strophanthidin (0.15 to 0.25<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>M), CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(25% to 30%), 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV, 500<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>M), amiloride (1 mM), and dantrolene (1 mM). One retina was exposed simultaneously to a combination of six of these agents, which reduced its oxidative and glycolytic metabolism to less than 50% of the control level. The retina recovered metabolic and electrophysiological function after a 2\u00bd-hour exposure period. Other agents tested (diphenhydramine, midazolam, nifedipine, nimodipine, and quercetin) had effects on energy metabolism and electrophysiological function that were poorly reversible. Surprisingly little effect was seen in response to general anesthetic agents (thiopental and Althesin) and other CNS depressants (chlorpromazine, ethanol, lidocaine, paraldehyde, valproic acid, and baclofen). The presumed mechanisms through which these agents reduce cellular energy requirements, as well as their potential roles in the treatment of CNS ischemia, are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.69.4.0568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T16:15:30Z","timestamp":1241799330000},"page":"568-579","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Reduction of cellular energy requirements"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Eric 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