{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T02:23:13Z","timestamp":1785896593769,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\u2713 The pathophysiological potential of mediator substances in manifestations of secondary brain damage is attracting increased attention. This is particularly true of the excitatory transmitters glutamate and arachidonic acid. Noxious properties of these compounds in central nervous tissue have been demonstrated. The current study was performed to determine whether glutamate and arachidonate are released in brain tissue secondary to focal trauma. For this purpose, a cold injury of exposed cerebral cortex was induced in cats. Marked accumulation of glutamate was observed in interstitially drained edema fluid, reaching 10 to 15 times the level that was assessed in normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prior to trauma. The extracellular release of glutamate was further dramatically enhanced by a critical decrease of the cerebral perfusion pressure due to a malignant increase of intracranial pressure. Under these conditions, glutamate concentrations 1000 to 1500 times normal levels accumulated in vasogenic edema fluid, demonstrating a relationship between the extent of the release of glutamate in damaged brain and the severity of the insult. Although under normal conditions glutamate concentrations in plasma were considerably higher than in the interstitial fluid, the pronounced increase of glutamate in this compartment due to trauma cannot be explained by transport of the compound together with the plasma-like edema from the intravascular space.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">Corresponding findings were obtained for free fatty acid concentrations in edema fluid. Almost all fatty acids that were studied had a significantly higher concentration in edema fluid than in normal CSF obtained as a control prior to trauma. However, contrary to the findings for glutamate, fatty acid concentrations in edema fluid were lower than in plasma. Accumulation of fatty acids in vasogenic edema fluid might, therefore, have resulted from uptake of the material together with edema fluid through the breached blood-brain barrier. Arachidonic acid was an exception. Its concentrations were significantly higher in edema fluid than in plasma, suggesting that it was released from cerebral parenchyma as the underlying mechanism of its extracellular accumulation.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">The current observations provide further support for a mediator function of glutamate and arachidonic acid in acute traumatic lesions of the brain. Quantitative assessment of the release of highly active mediator substances in brain tissue may facilitate analysis of the therapeutic efficiency of specific treatment aimed at interfering with the release or pathological function of mediators of secondary brain damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.70.4.0578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T16:14:21Z","timestamp":1241799261000},"page":"578-591","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Release of glutamate and of free fatty acids in vasogenic brain edema"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Baethmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Maier-Hauff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludwig","family":"Sch\u00fcrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Guggenbichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Kempski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1987.tb04121.x","article-title":"Mechanism of arachidonic acid liberation during ischemia in gerbil cerebral cortex.","volume":"48","author":"Abe","year":"1987"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Acta Physiol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1980.tb06574.x","article-title":"Severe hypoglycemia leads to accumulation of arachidonic acid in brain tissue.","volume":"109","author":"Agardh","year":"1980"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1967.tb05887.x","article-title":"Intracellular Cl\u2212, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and P in nervous tissue; response to glutamate and to changes in extracellular calcium.","volume":"14","author":"Ames","year":"1967"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00851a033","article-title":"The energy charge of the adenylate pool as a regulatory parameter. Interaction with feedback modifiers.","volume":"7","author":"Atkinson","year":"1968"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01646721","article-title":"Pathophysiological and pathochemical aspects of cerebral edema.","volume":"1","author":"Baethmann","year":"1978"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Brain Insults in Infants and Children: Pathophysiology and Management.","first-page":"3","article-title":"Steroids and brain function","author":"Baethmann","year":"1985"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage. NATO ASI Series A: Life Sciences","volume":"115","year":"1986"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198810000-00008","article-title":"Mediators of brain edema and secondary brain damage.","volume":"16","author":"Baethmann","year":"1988"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Adv Neurol","first-page":"171","article-title":"Brain edema factors: current state with particular reference to plasma constituents and glutamate.","volume":"28","author":"Baethmann","year":"1980"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Mol Cell Biochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235685","article-title":"Hippocampal glutamate receptors.","volume":"38","author":"Baudry","year":"1981"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/282748a0","article-title":"Regulation of glutamate receptors by cations.","volume":"282","author":"Baudry","year":"1979"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1971.tb00002.x","article-title":"Changes in free fatty acids of brain by drug-induced convulsions, electroshock, and anesthesia.","volume":"18","author":"Baz\u00e1n","year":"1971"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Life Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(70)90205-5","article-title":"Increased levels of brain free fatty acids after electroconvulsive shock.","volume":"9","author":"Baz\u00e1n","year":"1970"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Adv Neurol","first-page":"197","article-title":"Membrane lipids in the pathogenesis of brain edema: phospholipids and arachidonic acid, the earliest membrane components changed at the onset of ischemia.","volume":"28","author":"Baz\u00e1n","year":"1980"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00688186","article-title":"Cellular reactions to implantation of a microdialysis tube in the rat hippocampus.","volume":"74","author":"Benveniste","year":"1987"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1984.tb05396.x","article-title":"Elevation of the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in rat hippocampus during transient cerebral ischemia monitored by intracerebral microdialysis.","volume":"43","author":"Benveniste","year":"1984"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1987.tb00954.x","article-title":"Regional cerebral glucose phosphorylation and blood flow after insertion of a microdialysis fiber through the dorsal hippocampus in the rat.","volume":"49","author":"Benveniste","year":"1987"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1958.tb12623.x","article-title":"Determination of glutamic acid, glutamine, glutathione and \u03b3-aminobutyric acid and their distribution in brain tissue.","volume":"3","author":"Berl","year":"1958"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00615520","article-title":"The ionic mechanism of the excitatory action of glutamate upon the membranes of motorneurones of the frog.","volume":"396","author":"B\u00fchrle","year":"1983"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Surgery","first-page":"407","article-title":"The role of oxygen free radicals in human disease processes.","volume":"94","author":"Bulkley","year":"1983"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Neurochem Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(87)90104-5","article-title":"Effects of exogenous phospholipases on brain membrane phospholipid perturbation, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity and cellular swelling of brain slices.","volume":"10","author":"Chan","year":"1987"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1126\/science.663662","article-title":"Brain edema induction in cortical slices by polyunsaturated fatty acids.","volume":"201","author":"Chan","year":"1978"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1979.tb05278.x","article-title":"Effects of excitatory neurotransmitter amino acids on swelling of rat brain cortical slices.","volume":"33","author":"Chan","year":"1979"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90941-1","article-title":"Phospholipid degradation and edema development in cold-injured rat brain.","volume":"277","author":"Chan","year":"1983"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1987.tb03403.x","article-title":"2-Amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid inhibits insulin-induced convulsions and striatal aspartate accumulation in rats with frontal cortical ablation.","volume":"49","author":"Chapman","year":"1987"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)90070-9","article-title":"Dextrorphan and dextromethorphan attenuate glutamate neurotoxicity.","volume":"403","author":"Choi","year":"1987"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7079744","article-title":"Anticonvulsant action of excitatory amino acid antagonists.","volume":"216","author":"Croucher","year":"1982"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1986.sp016279","article-title":"Involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in epileptiform bursting in the rat hippocampal slice.","volume":"380","author":"Dingledine","year":"1986"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"J Biol Chem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)76920-8","article-title":"Microdetermination of long-chain fatty acids in plasma and tissue.","volume":"235","author":"Dole","year":"1960"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","first-page":"259","article-title":"Characterization of L-glutamate uptake into and release from astrocytes and neurons cultured from different brain regions.","volume":"47","author":"Drejer","year":"1982"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","first-page":"S144","article-title":"A glutamate antagonist reduces infarction size following focal cerebral ischemia independently of vascular and metabolic changes.","volume":"7","author":"Duverger","year":"1987"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(86)90617-8","article-title":"Excitatory amino acids and intracellular pH in motorneurons of the isolated frog spinal cord.","volume":"72","author":"Endres","year":"1986"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(85)90290-3","article-title":"Elevated concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in human ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (vCSF) during episodes of increased CSF pressure and clinical signs of impaired brain circulation.","volume":"62","author":"Engelsen","year":"1985"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410020202","article-title":"Effects of leukocytes on brain metabolism in granulocytic brain edema.","volume":"2","author":"Fishman","year":"1977"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(81)90307-2","article-title":"Glucocorticoids, phospholipase A2 and inflammation.","volume":"2","author":"Flower","year":"1981"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Biochem Pharmacol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(76)90216-1","article-title":"The importance of phospholipase-A2 in prostaglandin biosynthesis.","volume":"25","author":"Flower","year":"1976"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1984.tb09689.x","article-title":"Glutamate: a neurotransmitter in mammalian brain.","volume":"42","author":"Fonnum","year":"1984"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1981.tb00592.x","article-title":"Free fatty acids in the rat brain in moderate and severe hypoxia.","volume":"36","author":"Gardiner","year":"1981"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(87)90093-0","article-title":"Receptor-linked ionic channels mediate N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotoxicity in rat cerebellar slices.","volume":"83","author":"Garthwaite","year":"1987"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1979.51.1.0070","article-title":"Composition of isolated edema fluid in cold-induced brain edema.","volume":"51","author":"Gazendam","year":"1979"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","first-page":"S153","article-title":"Ischaemia-induced degeneration of hippocampal neurones in gerbils is prevented by systemic administration of MK-801.","volume":"7","author":"Gill","year":"1987"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Life Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(85)90218-8","article-title":"Detection by HPLC-EC of primary amines recovered in aqueous push-pull perfusate from cat cuneate nucleus.","volume":"37","author":"Goldfinger","year":"1985"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(78)90124-7","article-title":"Ischemic brain damage in fatal non-missile head injuries.","volume":"39","author":"Graham","year":"1978"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1985.56","article-title":"Ischemia-induced shift of inhibitory and excitatory amino acids from intra- to extracellular compartments.","volume":"5","author":"Hagberg","year":"1985"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Neurochem Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00973033","article-title":"Extra- and intracellular amino acids in the hippocampus during development of hepatic encephalopathy.","volume":"9","author":"Hamberger","year":"1984"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/249663a0","article-title":"Uptake of the neurotransmitter candidate glutamate by glia.","volume":"249","author":"Henn","year":"1974"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Prog Neurobiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(79)90018-2","article-title":"Functional interactions between neurons and astrocytes. I. Turnover and metabolism of putative amino acid transmitters.","volume":"13","author":"Hertz","year":"1979"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.126.133","article-title":"Changes in free amino acids of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in various neurological diseases.","volume":"126","author":"Iijima","year":"1978"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage. NATO ASI Series A: Life Sciences","first-page":"313","article-title":"Avoidable mortality, morbidity, and secondary brain damage after recent head injury","volume":"115","author":"Jennett","year":"1986"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Biomed Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.6.247","article-title":"Effects of black widow spider venom, substance P and bradykinin on the release of endogenous glutamate from the frog spinal cord.","volume":"6","author":"Kawagoe","year":"1985"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(87)90223-9","article-title":"MK-801, NMDA receptors and ischaemia-induced neurodegeneration.","volume":"8","author":"Kemp","year":"1987"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"Trends Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(87)90176-7","article-title":"Non-competitive antagonists of excitatory amino acid receptors.","volume":"10","author":"Kemp","year":"1987"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Adv Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-68310-7_39","article-title":"An in vitro model of cytotoxic brain edema: cell volume and metabolism of cultivated glial- and nerve-cells.","volume":"10","author":"Kempski","year":"1982"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"Eur Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1159\/000115584","article-title":"Cerebral glutamate, neuroleptic drugs and schizophrenia: increase of cerebrospinal fluid glutamate levels and decrease of striate body glutamate levels following sulpiride treatment in rats.","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"1983"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(80)90178-0","article-title":"Low cerebrospinal fluid glutamate in schizophrenic patients and a new hypothesis on schizophrenia.","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"1980"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00685172","article-title":"The application of fluorescein labeled serum proteins (FLSP) to the study of vascular permeability in the brain.","volume":"2","author":"Klatzo","year":"1962"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.62.4.0528","article-title":"Cause of decline in head-injury mortality rate in San Diego County, California.","volume":"62","author":"Klauber","year":"1985"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520260034016","article-title":"Glutamate antagonist therapy reduces neurologic deficits produced by focal central nervous system ischemia.","volume":"45","author":"Kochhar","year":"1988"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7403881","article-title":"Cerebral arteriolar damage by arachidonic acid and prostaglandin G2.","volume":"209","author":"Kontos","year":"1980"},{"key":"b60","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90865-9","article-title":"Biochemical changes in unilateral brain injury in the rat: a possible role of free fatty acid accumulation.","volume":"110","author":"Kuwashima","year":"1976"},{"key":"b61","series-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(82)91046-X","article-title":"Regulation of arachidonic acid production: role of phospholipases C and A2.","volume":"3","author":"Lapetina","year":"1982"},{"key":"b62","series-title":"Neuroscience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(87)90354-X","article-title":"Alterations in hippocampal extracellular amino acids and purine catabolites during limbic seizures induced by folate injections into the rabbit amygdala.","volume":"22","author":"Lehmann","year":"1987"},{"key":"b63","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)91422-2","article-title":"Effects of status epilepticus on extracellular amino acids in the hippocampus.","volume":"359","author":"Lehmann","year":"1985"},{"key":"b64","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)91230-8","article-title":"In vivo determination of extracellular concentration of amino acids in the rat hippocampus. A method based on brain dialysis and computerized analysis.","volume":"384","author":"Lerma","year":"1986"},{"key":"b65","series-title":"A Flexible System of Enzymatic Analysis.","first-page":"184","author":"Lowry","year":"1972"},{"key":"b66","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1957.00940010205006","article-title":"The toxic effect of sodium L-glutamate on the inner layers of the retina.","volume":"58","author":"Lucas","year":"1957"},{"key":"b67","series-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1139\/y82-039","article-title":"The effects of L-glutamate and its analogues upon the membrane conductance of central murine neurones in culture.","volume":"60","author":"MacDonald","year":"1982"},{"key":"b68","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.61.1.0097","article-title":"The kallikrein-kinin system as mediator in vasogenic brain edema. Part 2: Studies on kinin formation in focal and perifocal brain tissue.","volume":"61","author":"Maier-Hauff","year":"1984"},{"key":"b69","series-title":"Adv Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69360-1_51","article-title":"Mediator compounds in CSF of neurosurgical patients with raised intracranial pressure.","volume":"12","author":"Maier-Hauff","year":"1984"},{"key":"b70","series-title":"Recent Progress in the Study and Therapy of Brain Edema.","first-page":"183","article-title":"Glutamate and free fatty acid concentrations in extracellular vasogenic edema fluid","author":"Maier-Hauff","year":"1984"},{"key":"b71","series-title":"Trends Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(87)90023-3","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms underlying excitotoxicity.","volume":"10","author":"Mayer","year":"1987"},{"key":"b72","series-title":"Prog Neurobiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(87)90011-6","article-title":"The physiology of excitatory amino acids in the vertebrate central nervous system.","volume":"28","author":"Mayer","year":"1987"},{"key":"b73","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198501173120305","article-title":"Oxygen-derived free radicals in post-ischemic tissue injury.","volume":"312","author":"McCord","year":"1985"},{"key":"b74","series-title":"Med Biol","first-page":"153","article-title":"Protection against hypoxic\/ischaemic brain damage with excitatory amino acid antagonists.","volume":"65","author":"Meldrum","year":"1987"},{"key":"b75","series-title":"Mol Cell Biochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235694","article-title":"Molecular characteristics of glutamate receptors in the mammalian brain.","volume":"38","author":"Michaelis","year":"1981"},{"key":"b76","series-title":"Life Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(79)90380-1","article-title":"Relationships between the kallikrein-kinin and prostaglandin systems.","volume":"25","author":"Nasjletti","year":"1979"},{"key":"b77","series-title":"J Neurosci Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490040302","article-title":"Distribution of glutamate in layers of the rabbit hippocampal fields CA1, CA3, and the dentate area.","volume":"4","author":"Nitsch","year":"1979"},{"key":"b78","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3880.719","article-title":"Brain lesions, obesity, and other disturbances in mice treated with monosodium glutamate.","volume":"164","author":"Olney","year":"1969"},{"key":"b79","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(86)90224-7","article-title":"The anti-excitotoxic effects of certain anesthetics, analgesics and sedative-hypnotics.","volume":"68","author":"Olney","year":"1986"},{"key":"b80","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(87)90552-8","article-title":"MK-801 powerfully protects against N-methyl aspartate neurotoxicity.","volume":"141","author":"Olney","year":"1987"},{"key":"b81","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1126\/science.166.3903.386","article-title":"Brain lesions in an infant rhesus monkey treated with monosodium glutamate.","volume":"166","author":"Olney","year":"1969"},{"key":"b82","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(86)90136-9","article-title":"Lesions to Schaffer collaterals prevent ischemic death of CA1 pyramidal cells.","volume":"68","author":"Onodera","year":"1986"},{"key":"b83","series-title":"Prog Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)60944-9","article-title":"The distribution of water in brain tissues swollen in vitro and in vivo.","volume":"15","author":"Pappius","year":"1965"},{"key":"b84","series-title":"Neurochem Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00965654","article-title":"Functional disturbances in brain following injury: search for underlying mechanisms.","volume":"8","author":"Pappius","year":"1983"},{"key":"b85","series-title":"Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/0262-1746(83)90096-3","article-title":"Effects of bradykinin and bovine serum albumin on arachidonic acid and prostaglandin release from perfused rat heart.","volume":"11","author":"Paul","year":"1983"},{"key":"b86","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1975.tb07680.x","article-title":"CSF amino acids and plasma \u2014 CSF amino acid ratios in adults.","volume":"24","author":"Perry","year":"1975"},{"key":"b87","series-title":"J Clin Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104367","article-title":"The amino acid content of human cerebrospinal fluid in normal individuals and in mental defectives.","volume":"40","author":"Perry","year":"1961"},{"key":"b88","series-title":"Neurochem Pathol","first-page":"249","article-title":"Dexamethasone effect on free fatty acid and diacylglycerol accumulation during experimentally induced vasogenic brain edema.","volume":"3","author":"Politi","year":"1985"},{"key":"b89","series-title":"Acta Neurochir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01414614","article-title":"Measurement of brain tissue pressure in cold induced cerebral oedema.","volume":"29","author":"Reulen","year":"1973"},{"key":"b90","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1983.tb12679.x","article-title":"Stimulation of free fatty acid and diacylglycerol accumulation in cerebrum and cerebellum during bicuculline-induced status epilepticus. Effect of pretreatment with \u03b1-methyl-p-tyrosine and p-chlorophenylalanine.","volume":"40","author":"Rodr\u00edguez de Turco","year":"1983"},{"key":"b91","series-title":"Trends Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(87)90177-9","article-title":"Excitotoxicity and the NMDA receptor.","volume":"10","author":"Rothman","year":"1987"},{"key":"b92","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190202","article-title":"Glutamate and the pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.","volume":"19","author":"Rothman","year":"1986"},{"key":"b93","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1969.00480160085010","article-title":"Brain edema. A study of biochemical and structural alterations.","volume":"21","author":"Sato","year":"1969"},{"key":"b94","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1977.tb06503.x","article-title":"Uptake and metabolism of glutamate in astrocytes cultured from dissociated mouse brain hemispheres.","volume":"29","author":"Schousboe","year":"1977"},{"key":"b95","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"140","article-title":"Excitatory amino acid antagonists provide a therapeutic approach to neurological disorders.","volume":"12","author":"Schwarcz","year":"1985"},{"key":"b96","series-title":"Fortschr Med","first-page":"290","article-title":"\u00dcberlebenschancen des Notfallpatienten.","volume":"103","author":"Sefrin","year":"1985"},{"key":"b97","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1982.tb07962.x","article-title":"The influence of bicuculline-induced seizures on free fatty acid concentrations in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum.","volume":"39","author":"Siesj\u00f6","year":"1982"},{"key":"b98","series-title":"Adv Neurol","first-page":"813","article-title":"Epileptic brain damage: pathophysiology and neurochemical pathology.","volume":"44","author":"Siesj\u00f6","year":"1986"},{"key":"b99","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6093256","article-title":"Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors may protect against ischemic damage in the brain.","volume":"226","author":"Simon","year":"1984"},{"key":"b100","series-title":"J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00313342","article-title":"The effect of mild microembolic injury on the energy metabolism of the cat brain.","volume":"223","author":"Sugi","year":"1980"},{"key":"b101","series-title":"Acta Physiol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1986.tb07943.x","article-title":"Microdialysis in the study of extracellular levels of amino acids in the rat brain.","volume":"128","author":"Tossman","year":"1986"},{"key":"b102","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.64.2.0269","article-title":"The kallikrein-kinin system as mediator in vasogenic brain edema. Part 3: Inhibition of the kallikrein-kinin system in traumatic brain swelling.","volume":"64","author":"Unterberg","year":"1986"},{"key":"b103","series-title":"Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage. NATO ASI Series A: Life Sciences","first-page":"139","article-title":"Role of mediator compounds in secondary brain damage \u2014 current evidence","volume":"115","author":"Unterberg","year":"1986"},{"key":"b104","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00686613","article-title":"Permeability and vasomotor response of cerebral vessels during exposure to arachidonic acid.","volume":"73","author":"Unterberg","year":"1987"},{"key":"b105","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1959.tb12636.x","article-title":"Compounds in brain extracts causing spreading depression of cerebral cortical activity and contraction of crustacean muscle.","volume":"3","author":"Van Harreveld","year":"1959"},{"key":"b106","series-title":"The Structure and Function of Nervous Tissue IV.","first-page":"447","article-title":"The extracellular space in the vertebrate central nervous system","author":"Van Harreveld","year":"1972"},{"key":"b107","series-title":"Exp Mol Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(71)90019-0","article-title":"Light- and electron-microscopic changes in central nervous tissue after electrophoretic injection of glutamate.","volume":"15","author":"Van Harreveld","year":"1971"},{"key":"b108","series-title":"J Neurobiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480040406","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in spreading depression.","volume":"4","author":"Van Harreveld","year":"1973"},{"key":"b109","series-title":"Clin Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235S","DOI":"10.1042\/cs063235s","article-title":"Arachidonic acid stimulates renal kallikrein release in isolated rat kidney.","volume":"63","author":"Vio","year":"1982"},{"key":"b110","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1987.tb02912.x","article-title":"Changes in extracellular amino acids during soman- and kainic acid-induced seizures.","volume":"49","author":"Wade","year":"1987"},{"key":"b111","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"220","article-title":"The distribution of iodide, thiocyanate, bromide and chloride in the central nervous system and spinal fluid.","volume":"65","author":"Wallace","year":"1939"},{"key":"b112","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(87)90004-8","article-title":"Excitatory amino acid receptors and ischemic brain damage in the rat.","volume":"73","author":"Westerberg","year":"1987"},{"key":"b113","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00786.x","article-title":"Lesions to the corticostriatal pathways ameliorate hypoglycemia-induced arachidonic acid release.","volume":"47","author":"Westerberg","year":"1986"},{"key":"b114","series-title":"Life Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(87)90695-3","article-title":"Scope and limitations of in vivo brain dialysis: a comparison of its application to various neurotransmitter systems.","volume":"41","author":"Westerink","year":"1987"},{"key":"b115","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2996146","article-title":"Hypoglycemia-induced neuronal damage prevented by an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist.","volume":"230","author":"Wieloch","year":"1985"},{"key":"b116","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(85)90323-4","article-title":"Lesions of the glutamatergic cortico-striatal projections in the rat ameliorate hypoglycemic brain damage in the striatum.","volume":"58","author":"Wieloch","year":"1985"},{"key":"b117","series-title":"Neurol Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1985.11739695","article-title":"Evidence of amelioration of ischaemic neuronal damage in the hippocampal formation by lesions of the perforant path.","volume":"7","author":"Wieloch","year":"1985"},{"key":"b118","series-title":"J Neurochem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1982.tb10847.x","article-title":"Eicosanoids: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and other derivatives of carbon-20 unsaturated fatty acids.","volume":"38","author":"Wolfe","year":"1982"},{"key":"b119","series-title":"J Neurochem","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Effects of arachidonic acid on glutamate and \u03b3-aminobutyric acid uptake in primary cultures of rat cerebral cortical astrocytes and neurons.","volume":"47","author":"Yu","year":"1986"},{"key":"b120","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(83)90530-X","article-title":"Aspartate and glutamate induced reductions in extracellular free calcium and sodium concentration in area CA1 of \u201cin vitro\u201d hippocampal slices of rats.","volume":"35","author":"Zanotto","year":"1983"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/70\/4\/article-p578.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/70\/4\/article-p578.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/70\/4\/article-p578.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:18:27Z","timestamp":1679876307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/70\/4\/article-p578.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,4]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1989.70.4.0578","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,4]]}}}