{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:10:21Z","timestamp":1784603421692,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\u2713 An experimental model to simulate acutely raised intracranial pressure due to a rapidly expanding intracranial space-occupying lesion was used to produce neurogenic shock. Forty-one rats in neurogenic shock (defined as a mean systemic arterial pressure (SAP) of less than 60 mm Hg) were subjected to various treatments to increase the mean SAP to a level of more than 80 mm Hg. The control group with neurogenic shock received no treatment, and the six treatment groups received infusions of: whole blood, packed cells, plasma, normal saline, dopamine, or a combination of dopamine and saline. Detrimental effects were observed after transfusion of packed cells or whole blood, which caused further deterioration of mean SAP. Although dopamine or the combination of dopamine and saline were both effective (p = 0.0001) for reversing hypotension, the combination was the most effective. If this rat paradigm correlates with human disease, these results indicate that, in the absence of hypovolemia, neurogenic shock due to acute intracranial hypertension should be treated with a combined transfusion of dopamine and normal saline, but not blood since the latter could have a detrimental effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.70.6.0932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T16:23:42Z","timestamp":1241799822000},"page":"932-941","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effect of blood transfusion, dopamine, or normal saline on neurogenic shock secondary to acutely raised intracranial pressure"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Majid","family":"Rahimifar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles H.","family":"Tator","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruby J.","family":"Shanlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Sole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1964.21.6.0485","article-title":"Blood pressure responses in acute compression of the spinal cord.","volume":"21","author":"Alexander","year":"1964"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-160-40419","article-title":"Circulating catecholamines in cats before and after lethal head injury.","volume":"160","author":"Beckman","year":"1979"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"8","article-title":"Can a head injury cause auricular fibrillation?","volume":"1","author":"Bramwell","year":"1934"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Alteration in Arterial Pressure and the Shock Syndrome in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine","first-page":"154","author":"Braunwald","year":"1987"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Arch Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1938.01190190004001","article-title":"Behavior of the systemic blood pressure, pulse rate and spinal fluid pressure associated with acute changes in intracranial pressure artificially produced.","volume":"36","author":"Browder","year":"1938"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Am J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(36)80002-6","article-title":"Observations on behavior of the systemic blood pressure, pulse and spinal fluid pressure following craniocerebral injury.","volume":"31","author":"Browder","year":"1936"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1956.185.3.510","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of acutely raised intracranial pressure.","volume":"185","author":"Brown","year":"1956"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Am Heart J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(70)90208-5","article-title":"Intracranial lesions and the heart.","volume":"80","author":"Burch","year":"1970"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Arch Pathol","first-page":"517","article-title":"Acute myocardial lesions.","volume":"84","author":"Burch","year":"1967"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.59.3.0447","article-title":"Cardiovascular response to severe head injury.","volume":"59","author":"Clifton","year":"1983"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198101000-00003","article-title":"Circulating catecholamines and sympathetic activity after head injury.","volume":"8","author":"Clifton","year":"1981"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"29","article-title":"Heart damage associated with intracranial lesions.","volume":"3","author":"Conner","year":"1968"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Am Heart J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(69)90001-5","article-title":"Myocardial damage secondary to brain lesions.","volume":"78","author":"Conner","year":"1969"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"The Lectures of Sir Astley Cooper on the Principles and Practice of Surgery with Additional Notes and Cases.","first-page":"282","article-title":"Lectures on the principles and practice of surgery","author":"Cooper","year":"1824"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Circ Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.34.4.505","article-title":"Interaction of vasopressin and baroreceptor reflex system in the regulation of arterial blood pressure in the dog.","volume":"34","author":"Cowley","year":"1974"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1972.223.3.660","article-title":"Influence of chloralose anesthesia on cardiovascular function in trained dogs.","volume":"223","author":"Cox","year":"1972"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Circulation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.22.1.25","article-title":"Electrocardiographic changes simulating myocardial ischemia and infarction associated with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage.","volume":"22","author":"Cropp","year":"1960"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp","first-page":"290","article-title":"Concerning a definite regulatory mechanism of the vasomotor centre which controls blood pressure during cerebral compression.","volume":"12","author":"Cushing","year":"1901"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Circ Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.31.4.617","article-title":"Regulation of blood pressure by sympathetic nerve fibers and adrenal medulla in normotensive and hypertensive rats.","volume":"31","author":"de Champlain","year":"1972"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Brain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/64.2-3.93","article-title":"Experimental cerebral concussion.","volume":"64","author":"Denny-Brown","year":"1941"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.67.1.0110","article-title":"A fluid percussion model of experimental brain injury in the rat.","volume":"67","author":"Dixon","year":"1987"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(72)90655-5","article-title":"Localization within the lower brainstem of a receptor area mediating the pressor response to increased intracranial pressure (the Cushing response).","volume":"47","author":"Doba","year":"1972"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.56.3.0350","article-title":"The effect of blood transfusion, dopamine, and gamma hydroxybutyrate on posttraumatic ischemia of the spinal cord.","volume":"56","author":"Dolan","year":"1982"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Neurological Surgery.","first-page":"163","article-title":"Effect of head injury and acute intracranial hypertension in the cardiovascular system","author":"Eichbaum","year":"1965"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1973.38.3.0326","article-title":"Cardiovascular response to experimental spinal cord compression.","volume":"38","author":"Eidelberg","year":"1973"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Br Heart J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.34.3.217","article-title":"Electrocardiographic abnormalities and some laboratory findings in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.","volume":"34","author":"Eisalo","year":"1972"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1976.45.6.0609","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmias resulting from experimental head injury.","volume":"45","author":"Evans","year":"1976"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Arch Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1951.01250040110016","article-title":"Experimental and clinical observations on rising intracranial pressure.","volume":"63","author":"Evans","year":"1951"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Dis Chest","first-page":"420","article-title":"Electrocardiographic changes in head injuries.","volume":"49","author":"Falsetti","year":"1965"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1943.139.3.347","article-title":"The role of the brain stem in arterial hypertension subsequent to intracranial hypertension.","volume":"139","author":"Forster","year":"1943"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Blood, Heart and Circulation.","first-page":"282","article-title":"Hypertension from increased intracranial pressure","author":"Freeman","year":"1940"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1940.128.4.662","article-title":"Effect of progressive sympathectomy on hypertension produced by increased intracranial pressure.","volume":"128","author":"Freeman","year":"1940"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Functional Localization in the Frontal Lobes and Cerebellum.","first-page":"66","author":"Fulton","year":"1949"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Exp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(60)90045-5","article-title":"Bioelectrical changes of the heart cycle induced by stimulation of diencephalic regions.","volume":"2","author":"Fuster","year":"1960"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Am Heart J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(72)90406-1","article-title":"The effect of cervical cord injury on cardiac rhythm and conduction.","volume":"83","author":"Greenhoot","year":"1972"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1969.30.5.0521","article-title":"Cardiac injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage. A clinical, pathological, and physiological correlation.","volume":"30","author":"Greenhoot","year":"1969"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"641","article-title":"Biochemical evidence of myocardial injury after severe head trauma.","volume":"10","author":"Hackenberry","year":"1982"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Cardiovasc Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/5.4.524","article-title":"Myocardial damage after head trauma and simulated intracranial haemorrhage in mice: the role of the autonomic nervous system.","volume":"5","author":"Hawkins","year":"1971"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.34.5.587","article-title":"Vascular responses to acute intracranial hypertension.","volume":"34","author":"Hayreh","year":"1971"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Eur Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1159\/000114634","article-title":"Focal myocardial necrosis in cases of increased intracranial pressure.","volume":"12","author":"Heinrich","year":"1974"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Circulation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.23.6.853","article-title":"Electrocardiographic changes in head injuries.","volume":"23","author":"Hersch","year":"1961"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1928.85.3.498","article-title":"The control of heart rate consequent to changes in the cephalic blood pressure and in the intracranial pressure.","volume":"85","author":"Heymans","year":"1928"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"285","article-title":"Effects of ganglion and parasympathetic-blocking drugs upon the pressor response elicited by elevation of the intracranial fluid pressure.","volume":"153","author":"Hilton","year":"1966"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.54.5.0627","article-title":"Experimental neurogenic pulmonary edema. Part 1. The role of systemic hypertension.","volume":"54","author":"Hoff","year":"1981"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"308","article-title":"The Cushing reflex: localization of pressure sensitive areas in the brain stem and spinal cord of cat.","volume":"19","author":"Hoff","year":"1969"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Neurological Surgery.","first-page":"148","article-title":"Localization of regions mediating the Cushing reflex in medulla and spinal cord of cat","author":"Hoff","year":"1969"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1970.00480270038006","article-title":"Localization of regions mediating the Cushing response in CNS of cat.","volume":"23","author":"Hoff","year":"1970"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01757299","article-title":"The activity of the sympathetic nervous system following severe head injury.","volume":"6","author":"H\u00f6rtnagl","year":"1980"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Am Heart J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(72)90142-1","article-title":"Myocardial lesions following experimental intracranial hemorrhage: prevention with propranolol.","volume":"83","author":"Hunt","year":"1972"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Am Heart J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(69)90157-4","article-title":"Electrocardiographic and serum enzyme changes in subarachnoid hemorrhage.","volume":"77","author":"Hunt","year":"1969"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"511","article-title":"The shocked head injury.","volume":"2","author":"Illingworth","year":"1965"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"Contemporary Neurology.","first-page":"134","article-title":"Head injuries and shock","author":"Jennett","year":"1981"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1976.230.6.1695","article-title":"Heart rate and rhythm and intracranial pressure.","volume":"230","author":"Krasney","year":"1976"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"Circ Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.22.5.559","article-title":"Influence of pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal hormones on norepinephrine turnover and metabolism in the rat heart.","volume":"22","author":"Landsberg","year":"1968"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198601000-00019","article-title":"Subarachnoid hemorrhage and the heart.","volume":"18","author":"Marion","year":"1986"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Q J Med (New Series XLVIII)","first-page":"273","article-title":"Cardiovascular control in recently injured tetraplegics in spinal shock.","volume":"190","author":"Mathias","year":"1969"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System.","first-page":"453","article-title":"Autonomic failure in tetraplegia","author":"Mathias","year":"1983"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Br Heart J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.47.3.221","article-title":"Cardiac sequelae of acute head injury.","volume":"47","author":"McLeod","year":"1982"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(70)90312-2","article-title":"The effect of reserpine pretreatment of myocardial damage associated with simulated intracranial hemorrhage in mice.","volume":"9","author":"McNair","year":"1970"},{"key":"b60","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"109","article-title":"Regulation of the cardiovascular system in patients with fresh injuries to the spinal cord \u2014 preliminary report.","volume":"9","author":"Meinecke","year":"1971"},{"key":"b61","series-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-194207000-00001","article-title":"Systemic vascular and respiratory effects of experimentally induced alterations in intraventricular pressure.","volume":"1","author":"Meyers","year":"1942"},{"key":"b62","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.62.4.0587","article-title":"A comparison of physiological responses of percussive brain trauma in dogs and sheep.","volume":"62","author":"Millen","year":"1985"},{"key":"b63","series-title":"Transplant Proc","first-page":"391","article-title":"Hemodynamic and metabolic problems in the preparation for organ donation.","volume":"18","author":"Muhlberg","year":"1986"},{"key":"b64","series-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-130-33610","article-title":"Catecholamine release after spinal cord section.","volume":"130","author":"Mulheims","year":"1969"},{"key":"b65","series-title":"The Surgery of the Central Nervous System; a Textbook for Postgraduate Students.","first-page":"13","author":"Northfield","year":"1973"},{"key":"b66","series-title":"Acta Neurochir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01400952","article-title":"Spinal vasomotor reflex and Cushing response.","volume":"52","author":"P\u00e1sztor","year":"1980"},{"key":"b67","series-title":"Am Heart J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(62)90180-1","article-title":"Persistent electrocardiographic abnormalities experimentally induced by stimulation of the brain.","volume":"64","author":"Porter","year":"1962"},{"key":"b68","series-title":"Pathophysiology of Shock, Anoxia, and Ischemia.","first-page":"612","article-title":"Head injury","author":"Ransohoff","year":"1982"},{"key":"b69","series-title":"Hum Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(70)80007-7","article-title":"Catecholamines and cardiomyopathy: the pathogenesis and potential importance of myofibrillar degeneration.","volume":"1","author":"Reichenbach","year":"1970"},{"key":"b70","series-title":"Am J Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1965.209.6.1267","article-title":"Central neural regulation of carotid baroreceptor reflexes in the cat.","volume":"209","author":"Reis","year":"1965"},{"key":"b71","series-title":"J Surg Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4804(65)80076-2","article-title":"Effect of acutely elevated intracranial pressure on cardiac output and other circulatory factors.","volume":"5","author":"Richardson","year":"1965"},{"key":"b72","series-title":"Acta Physiol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1969.tb04478.x","article-title":"\u201cConcussive response\u201d and intracranial pressure changes at sudden extradural fluid volume input in rabbits.","volume":"76","author":"Rinder","year":"1969"},{"key":"b73","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.59.3.0455","article-title":"Treatment of hypertension associated with head injury.","volume":"59","author":"Robertson","year":"1983"},{"key":"b74","series-title":"Circulation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.12.5.883","article-title":"Pressor mechanisms induced by intracranial compression.","volume":"12","author":"Rodbard","year":"1955"},{"key":"b75","series-title":"Arch de Med Exp et d'Anat Path","first-page":"591","article-title":"Letter.","volume":"27","author":"Roger"},{"key":"b76","series-title":"Arch Int Pharmacodyn","first-page":"79","article-title":"The role of the adrenergic nervous system in the pressor response due to acute elevation of intracranial pressure (Cushing's response). A pharmacological analysis.","volume":"228","author":"Roozekrans","year":"1977"},{"key":"b77","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.61.1.0076","article-title":"Mechanical brain injury: the sympathoadrenal response.","volume":"61","author":"Rosner","year":"1984"},{"key":"b78","series-title":"Acta Neurochir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01407091","article-title":"Haemodynamic changes in patients with severe head injury.","volume":"54","author":"Schulte am Esch","year":"1980"},{"key":"b79","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(88)80065-2","article-title":"Increased intracranial pressure elicits hypertension, increased sympathetic activity, ECG abnormalities, and myocardial damage in rats.","volume":"12","author":"Shanlin","year":"1988"},{"key":"b80","series-title":"Principles of Surgery","first-page":"153","article-title":"Shock","author":"Shires","year":"1984"},{"key":"b81","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"125","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmias, increased intracranial pressure, and the autonomic nervous system.","volume":"61","author":"Smith","year":"1975"},{"key":"b82","series-title":"Philos Trans","first-page":"201","article-title":"On the changes produced in the circulation and respiration by increase of the intracranial pressure or tension.","volume":"182","author":"Spencer","year":"1892"},{"key":"b83","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1976.45.5.0520","article-title":"Fluid-percussion model of mechanical brain injury in the cat.","volume":"45","author":"Sullivan","year":"1976"},{"key":"b84","series-title":"Circulation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.3.4.551","article-title":"Production of prolonged arterial hypertension in dogs by chronic stimulation of the nervous system. Exploration of the mechanism of hypertension accompanying increased intracranial pressure.","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"1951"},{"key":"b85","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"749","article-title":"Pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema.","volume":"1","author":"Theodorf","year":"1975"},{"key":"b86","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"249","article-title":"Transsynoptic induction of adrenal tyrosin hydroxylase.","volume":"169","author":"Thoenen","year":"1969"},{"key":"b87","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1979.50.5.0629","article-title":"Studies of experimental cervical spinal cord transection. Part II. Plasma norepinephrine levels after acute cervical spinal cord transection.","volume":"50","author":"Tibbs","year":"1979"},{"key":"b88","series-title":"Br J Exp Pathol","first-page":"281","article-title":"The effects of increased intracranial pressure on the medullary centres.","volume":"5","author":"Tsubura","year":"1924"},{"key":"b89","series-title":"Neurological Surgery","first-page":"2504","article-title":"Problems associated with multiple trauma","author":"Watts","year":"1982"},{"key":"b90","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.5.6.759","article-title":"Myocardial damage and cardiac arrhythmias after intracranial hemorrhage. A critical review.","volume":"5","author":"Weidler","year":"1974"},{"key":"b91","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.14.12.1118","article-title":"Vasopressor response to increased intracranial pressure.","volume":"14","author":"Weinstein","year":"1964"},{"key":"b92","series-title":"Aust NZ J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1938.tb02773.x","article-title":"Experimental observations on increased intracranial pressure.","volume":"7","author":"Wright","year":"1938"},{"key":"b93","series-title":"No To Shinkei","first-page":"257","article-title":"[\u201cBrain death\u201d \u2014 hemodynamic aspects.]","volume":"25","author":"Yamada","year":"1973"},{"key":"b94","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198605000-00009","article-title":"Prolonged hemodynamic maintenance by the combined administration of vasopressin and epinephrine in brain death: a clinical study.","volume":"18","author":"Yoshioka","year":"1986"},{"key":"b95","series-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol","first-page":"496","article-title":"The interruption of ganglionic transmission and some of its problems.","volume":"7","author":"Zaimis","year":"1955"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/70\/6\/article-p932.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/70\/6\/article-p932.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/70\/6\/article-p932.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:09:47Z","timestamp":1679875787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/70\/6\/article-p932.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1989.70.6.0932","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]}}}