{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:12:46Z","timestamp":1791090766077,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">Within 3 weeks of definitive surgery, 571 adult patients with histologically confirmed, supratentorial malignant gliomas were randomly assigned to receive one of three chemotherapy regimens: BCNU (1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea) alone, alternating courses (every 8 weeks) of BCNU and procarbazine, or BCNU plus hydroxyurea alternating with procarbazine plus VM-26 (epipodophyllotoxin). Patients accrued in 1980 and 1981 were to receive 6020 rads of whole-brain radiotherapy concurrent with the first course of chemotherapy. Patients accrued in 1982 and 1983 were randomly assigned to receive either whole-brain irradiation as above, or 4300 rads of whole-brain radiotherapy plus 1720 rads coned down to the tumor volume. The data were analyzed for the total randomized population and separately for the 510 patients, termed the \u201cValid Study Group (VSG),\u201d who met protocol eligibility specifications (including central pathology review), 80% of whom had glioblastoma multiforme. The median survival times from time of randomization for the three chemotherapy groups of the VSG ranged from 11.3 to 13.8 months, and 29% to 37% of the patients survived for 18 months (life-table estimate); the differences between these groups were not statistically significant. Survival differences between the radiotherapy groups were small and not statistically significant. It is concluded that, for malignant glioma, giving part of the radiotherapy by coned-down boost is as effective as full whole-brain irradiation, and that multiple-drug chemotherapy as outlined in this protocol conferred no significant survival advantage over BCNU alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.71.1.0001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T16:21:09Z","timestamp":1241799669000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":369,"title":["Randomized trial of three chemotherapy regimens and two radiotherapy regimens in postoperative treatment of malignant glioma"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"William R.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvan B.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Stephen","family":"Mahaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Selker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"VanGilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ransohoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Mealey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Strike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Pistenmaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Drug Metab Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3109\/03602537808993780","article-title":"The role of drug disposition kinetics on cellular transport of the antineoplastic agent VM-26.","volume":"8","author":"Allen","year":"1978"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198007243030403","article-title":"Prediction of BCNU pulmonary toxicity in patients with malignant gliomas. An assessment of risk factors.","volume":"303","author":"Aronin","year":"1980"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Cancer Chemother Rep","first-page":"57","article-title":"Hydroxyurea (NSC-32065) in biological fluids: dose-concentration relationship.","volume":"48","author":"Beckloff","year":"1965"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Cancer Chemotherapy 1979. The EORTC Cancer Chemotherapy Annual 1.","first-page":"100","article-title":"Vinca alkaloids and epipodophyllotoxins","author":"Bender","year":"1979"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Surgical Pathology of the Nervous System and Its Coverings","author":"Burger","year":"1982"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"AJR","first-page":"99","article-title":"The extent of intracranial gliomata at autopsy and its relationship to techniques used in radiation therapy of brain tumors.","volume":"84","author":"Concannon","year":"1960"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"J R Stat Soc (B)","first-page":"187","article-title":"Regression models and life tables.","volume":"34","author":"Cox","year":"1972"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1975182227","article-title":"PTG, a new antineoplastic epipodophyllotoxin.","volume":"18","author":"Creaven","year":"1975"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Chronic Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(58)90126-7","article-title":"Maximum utilization of the life table method in analyzing survival.","volume":"8","author":"Cutler","year":"1958"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol","first-page":"260","article-title":"Randomized comparisons of BCNU, streptozotocin, radiosensitizer, and fractionation of radiotherapy in the postoperative treatment of malignant glioma (Study 7702).","volume":"3","author":"Green","year":"1984"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol","first-page":"143","article-title":"Randomized Phase II comparison of PCNU and AZQ for the treatment of primary brain tumors (Study 8120).","volume":"4","author":"Green","year":"1985"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Cancer Treat Rep","first-page":"121","article-title":"Comparisons of carmustine, procarbazine, and high-dose methylpredni-solone as additions to surgery and radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant glioma.","volume":"67","author":"Green","year":"1983"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.66.2.0161","article-title":"In vitro drug sensitivity testing in human gliomas.","volume":"66","author":"Kimmel","year":"1987"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.1.0001","article-title":"Chemotherapy for malignant gliomas.","volume":"68","author":"Kornblith","year":"1988"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"1559","article-title":"Inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase by hydroxyurea.","volume":"28","author":"Krakoff","year":"1968"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Acta Radiol Ther","first-page":"111","article-title":"Tumor extent as a determining factor in radiotherapy of glioblastomas.","volume":"8","author":"Kramer","year":"1969"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"J Cell Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.66.3.521","article-title":"Cytofluorometric studies on the action of podophyllotoxin and epipodophyllotoxins (VM-26, VP-16\u2013213) on the cell cycle traverse of human lymphoblasts.","volume":"66","author":"Krishan","year":"1975"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.66.1.0001","article-title":"Radiation therapy of neoplasms of the brain.","volume":"66","author":"Leibel","year":"1987"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Cancer Chemother Rep","first-page":"163","article-title":"Evaluation of survival data and two new rank order statistics arising in its consideration.","volume":"50","author":"Mantel","year":"1966"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(81)90443-0","article-title":"Cerebral radionecrosis: incidence and risk in relation to dose, time, fractionation and volume.","volume":"7","author":"Marks","year":"1981"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"2349","article-title":"Isolation, karyotype, and clonal growth of heterogeneous subpopulations of human malignant gliomas.","volume":"41","author":"Shapiro","year":"1981"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Sem Oncol","first-page":"38","article-title":"Therapy of adult malignant brain tumors: what have the clinical trials taught us?","volume":"13","author":"Shapiro","year":"1986"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-81-6-795","article-title":"Drugs 5 years later. Procarbazine.","volume":"81","author":"Spivak","year":"1974"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1978.49.3.0333","article-title":"Evaluation of BCNU and\/or radiotherapy in the treatment of anaplastic gliomas. A cooperative clinical trial.","volume":"49","author":"Walker","year":"1978"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198012043032303","article-title":"Randomized comparisons of radiotherapy and nitrosoureas for the treatment of malignant glioma after surgery.","volume":"303","author":"Walker","year":"1980"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(79)90553-4","article-title":"An analysis of dose-effect relationship in the radiotherapy of malignant gliomas.","volume":"5","author":"Walker","year":"1979"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1988.6.2.338","article-title":"The prognostic importance of tumor size in malignant gliomas: a computed tomographic scan study by the Brain Tumor Cooperative Group.","volume":"6","author":"Wood","year":"1988"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"992","article-title":"Heterogeneous chemosensitivities of subpopulations of human glioma cells in culture.","volume":"42","author":"Yung","year":"1982"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/71\/1\/article-p1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/71\/1\/article-p1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/71\/1\/article-p1.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T21:19:22Z","timestamp":1679865562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/71\/1\/article-p1.xml"}},"subtitle":["Brain Tumor Cooperative Group Trial 8001"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1989.71.1.0001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,7]]}}}