{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:52:10Z","timestamp":1773708730361,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\u2713 Infection is a major complication of severe head injury, occurring in 50% to 75% of patients who survive to hospitalization. Previous investigations of immune activity following head injury have demonstrated suppression of helper T-cell activation. In this study, the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> production of interferon-gamma (INF-\u03b3), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) was determined in 25 head-injured patients following incubation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) with the lymphocyte mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). In order to elucidate the functional status of cellular cytotoxicity, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell cytotoxicity assays were performed both prior to and following incubation of PBL's with IL-2 in five patients with severe head injury.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">The production of INF-\u03b3 and IL-2 by PHA-stimulated PBL's was maximally depressed within 24 hours of injury (p &lt; 0.001 for INF-\u03b3, p = 0.035 for IL-2) and partially normalized within 21 days of injury. There was no change in the production of IL-1. When comparing the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> LAK cell cytotoxicity of PBL's from head-injured patients and normal subjects, there was a significant depression in LAK cell cytotoxicity both prior to (p = 0.010) and following (p &lt; 0.001) incubation of PBL's with IL-2.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">The results of this study indicate that IL-2 and INF-\u03b3 production, normally required for inducing cell-mediated immunity, is suppressed following severe head injury. The failure of IL-2 to enhance LAK cell cytotoxicity suggests that factors other than decreased IL-2 production, such as inhibitory soluble mediators or suppressor lymphocytes, may be responsible for the reduction in cellular immune activity following severe head injury. These findings may have significant implications in designing clinical studies aimed at reducing the incidence of infection following severe head injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.75.5.0766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,19]],"date-time":"2009-05-19T16:23:20Z","timestamp":1242750200000},"page":"766-773","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Impairment of helper T-cell function and lymphokineactivated killer cytotoxicity following severe head injury"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Keith B.","family":"Quattrocchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edmund H.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claramae H.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernardo W.","family":"Issel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franklin C.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Thymus","first-page":"257","article-title":"The role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of primary immunodeficiencies.","volume":"4","author":"Aiuti","year":"1982"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Clin Lab Immunol","first-page":"143","article-title":"Human postthymic precursor cells in health and disease. 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