{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T12:21:04Z","timestamp":1759580464217},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\u2713 The mechanism of action underlying chymopapain (Chymodiactin) chemonucleolysis remains obscure. Radiographic studies suggest that chymopapain does not alter disc fragment size acutely; nonetheless, patients often report symptom resolution within a few days, even hours, of treatment. The authors postulate that, in addition to its chemonucleolytic action, chymopapain may possess antiinflammatory properties. To test this hypothesis, the authors assessed the ability of chymopapain to modulate the activity of the proinflammatory enzyme phospholipase A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(PLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and to ameliorate behavioral changes associated with inflammatory neuropathy in an in vivo model of sciatica.<\/jats:p><jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">Thirty-nine male Fischer rats were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: 1) saline, 2) betamethasone, or 3) chymopapain. All of the rats underwent unilateral sciatic nerve ligation with loose chromic gut suture to induce inflammatory mononeuropathy. The animals were tested for thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia on Days 0 (preoperation), 7 (pretreatment), and 14 (prior to death). Three animals were killed on Day 0 to determine the baseline PLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>activity within unmanipulated rat sciatic nerves. On Day 7, three animals from each group were killed to assess PLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>activity prior to treatment. The remainder were given a single infusion of saline, betamethasone (0.3 mg\/kg), or chymopapain (100 pKat U) around the inflamed nerve. On Day 14, the remaining animals were killed and their sciatic nerves were removed. The tissue was homogenized and the PLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>activity was determined using [<jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>C]arachidonate\u2014labeled<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>phospholipid membrane as a substrate. Lipids were extracted and separated by thin-layer chromatography.<\/jats:p><jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">All animals developed behavioral changes consistent with inflammatory mononeuropathy 24 to 72 hours postoperatively; these included gait disturbance, flexion deformity, and hyperalgesia of the involved hindlimb. The degree of mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia was comparable between groups at Day 7. By Day 14, the thermal hyperalgesia had resolved; the mechanical hyperalgesia was less evident in the betamethasone- and chymopapain-treated groups than in the saline-treated controls (p = 0.003; saline- vs. chymopapain-treated groups p = 0.004; saline- vs. betamethasone-treated groups p = 0.008). The mean PLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>activity at baseline (Day 0) was 11.6 \u00b1 4.9 nmol phospholipid hydrolyzed per minute per milligram of protein. The PLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>activity at Day 7 was 74.4 \u00b1 18.2 (ligated side) and 21.2 \u00b1 11.7 (nonligated side). At Day 14, PLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>activity was reduced in the chymopapain- (47.8 \u00b1 12.3) and betamethasone- (39.7 \u00b1 9.5) treated groups compared with the saline control group (62.3 \u00b1 11.2), (saline- vs. chymopapain-treated groups p &lt; 0.05; saline- vs. betamethasone-treated groups p &lt; 0.01). The PLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>activity in nonligated specimens was 18.6 \u00b1 10.1.<\/jats:p><jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">These data indicate that chymopapain exhibits antiinflammatory properties in vivo, reducing PLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>activity and ameliorating mechanical hyperalgesia in this model of inflammatory sciatic neuropathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.6.0998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,10]],"date-time":"2009-06-10T18:05:37Z","timestamp":1244657137000},"page":"998-1006","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Chymopapain-induced reduction of proinflammatory phospholipase A2 activity and amelioration of neuropathic behavioral changes in an in vivo model of acute sciatica"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Sawin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent C.","family":"Traynelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gretchen","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Maves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Follett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14386.x","volume":"106","author":"Ahluwalia A","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(88)90209-6"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780290302","volume":"29","author":"Bomalaski JS","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"b4","first-page":"120","volume":"219","author":"Boumphrey FRS","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198403000-00004","volume":"9","author":"Bradford DS","year":"1984","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"b6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"b7","first-page":"488","volume":"42","author":"Br\u00e5nemark PI","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"b8","first-page":"52","volume":"67","author":"Br\u00e5nemark PI","year":"1969","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"b9","first-page":"441","volume-title":"The Lumbar Spine.","author":"Brown MD","year":"1990"},{"key":"b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199502000-00004","volume":"20","author":"Chatani K","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198567010-00009","volume":"67","author":"Cuckler JM","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Am)"},{"key":"b12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198805000-00022"},{"key":"b13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.262.7.953"},{"key":"b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02275597","volume":"1","author":"Famaey JP","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915983","volume":"11","author":"Fawzy AA","year":"1987","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)41572-X","volume":"19","author":"Franson RC","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"b17","first-page":"650A","volume":"31","author":"Franson RC","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Res"},{"key":"b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198411000-00008","volume":"9","author":"Fraser RD","year":"1984","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197305000-00025","volume":"92","author":"Garvin PJ","year":"1973","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30932-9","volume":"8","author":"Garvin PJ","year":"1977","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.145.2.361","volume":"145","author":"Gentry LR","year":"1985","journal-title":"AJR"},{"key":"b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196911000-00007","volume":"67","author":"Gesler RM","year":"1969","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.68B5.3782231","volume":"68","author":"Gibson MJ","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Br)"},{"key":"b24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199204000-00002"},{"key":"b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199108000-00022","volume":"269","author":"Hofstra L","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"b26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.2.0184"},{"key":"b27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.249.18.2489"},{"key":"b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00588178","volume":"34","author":"Kato F","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199208000-00011","volume":"17","author":"Kato F","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199404000-00003","volume":"19","author":"Kiester DP","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.66B3.6373779","volume":"66","author":"Konings JG","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Br)"},{"key":"b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197501000-00046","volume":"106","author":"Krempen JF","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63723-1","volume":"6","author":"Lehmann HJ","year":"1964","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"b34","first-page":"379","volume":"8","author":"Loeser RF","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"b35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.61.1.0001"},{"key":"b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199102000-00012","volume":"16","author":"MacMillan J","year":"1991","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"b37","first-page":"280","volume":"14","author":"Macnab I","year":"1971","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11722-9","volume":"194","author":"Maves TJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90100-4","volume":"54","author":"Maves TJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198001000-00017","volume":"146","author":"McCulloch JA","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"b41","volume-title":"Sciatica and Chymopapain.","author":"McCulloch JA","year":"1983"},{"key":"b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198504000-00009","volume":"10","author":"McDermott DJ","year":"1985","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(94)90216-X","volume":"48","author":"Mukherjee AB","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(94)90028-0","volume":"36","author":"Murthy KK","year":"1994","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199512150-00007","volume":"20","author":"Ozaktay AC","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198703000-00003","volume":"12","author":"Postacchini F","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"b47","first-page":"211","volume":"12","author":"Pruzanski W","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-197609000-00001","volume":"1","author":"Rydevik B","year":"1976","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"b49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199007000-00011"},{"key":"b50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1967.26.3.0327"},{"key":"b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1964.03060150061016","volume":"187","author":"Smith L","year":"1964","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.49B3.502","volume":"49","author":"Smith L","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Br)"},{"key":"b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198507000-00009","volume":"10","author":"Spencer DL","year":"1985","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196911000-00006","volume":"67","author":"Stern IJ","year":"1969","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196701000-00018","volume":"50","author":"Stern IJ","year":"1967","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198709000-00013","volume":"12","author":"Szypryt EP","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.73B3.1670454","volume":"73","author":"Tregonning GD","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Br)"},{"key":"b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-197707000-00002","volume":"1","author":"Watts C","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/30.CN_suppl_1.642","volume":"30","author":"Watts C","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"key":"b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198901000-00013","volume":"14","author":"Wehling P","year":"1989","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198668010-00006","volume":"68","author":"Weinstein J","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Am)"},{"key":"b62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.64.3.0474"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/86\/6\/article-p998.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/86\/6\/article-p998.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/86\/6\/article-p998.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T14:22:30Z","timestamp":1710426150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/86\/6\/article-p998.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1997.86.6.0998","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]}}}