{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T16:59:17Z","timestamp":1791133157672,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Object.<\/jats:italic> Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the sensory thalamus has been used to treat chronic, intractable pain. The goal of this study was to investigate the thalamocortical pathways activated during thalamic DBS.<\/jats:p><jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic> The authors compared positron emission tomography (PET) images obtained before, during, and after DBS in five patients with chronic pain. Two of the five patients reported significant DBS-induced pain relief during PET scanning, and the remaining three patients did not report any analgesic effect of DBS during scanning. The most robust effect associated with DBS was activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). An anterior ACC activation was sustained throughout the 40 minutes of DBS, whereas a more posteriorly located ACC activation occurred at a delay after onset of DBS, although these activations were not dependent on the degree of pain relief reported during DBS. However, implications specific to the analgesic effect of DBS require further study of a larger, more homogeneous patient population. Additional effects of thalamic DBS were detected in motor-related regions (the globus pallidus, cortical area 4, and the cerebellum) and visual and association cortical areas.<\/jats:p><jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Conclusions.<\/jats:italic> The authors demonstrate that the ACC is activated during thalamic DBS in patients with chronic pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.92.1.0064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,13]],"date-time":"2009-05-13T17:33:37Z","timestamp":1242236017000},"page":"64-69","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Activation of the anterior cingulate cortex by thalamic stimulation in patients with chronic pain: a positron emission tomography study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Karen D.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan","family":"Taub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Duffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres M.","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald R.","family":"Tasker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Houle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan O.","family":"Dostrovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Physiol Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1987.67.1.67","article-title":"Peripheral and spinal mechanisms of nociception.","volume":"67","author":"Besson","year":"1987"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Textbook of Pain","first-page":"868","article-title":"Psychosurgery for pain","author":"Bouckoms","year":"1989"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.71.2.802","article-title":"Positron emission tomographic analysis of cerebral structures activated specifically by repetitive noxious heat stimuli.","volume":"71","author":"Casey","year":"1994"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.1.571","article-title":"Comparison of human cerebral activation patterns during cutaneous warmth, heat pain and deep cold pain.","volume":"76","author":"Casey","year":"1996"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Pain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00172-B","article-title":"The role of the basal ganglia in nociception and pain.","volume":"60","author":"Chudler","year":"1995"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4095","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-07-04095.1994","article-title":"Distributed processing of pain and vibration by the human brain.","volume":"14","author":"Coghill","year":"1994"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/384258a0","article-title":"Functional imaging of an illusion of pain.","volume":"384","author":"Craig","year":"1996"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Neuroimage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S997","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(18)31830-5","article-title":"PET imaging during subthalamic nucleus stimulation in PD patients.","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"1998"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Pain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90071-X","article-title":"Altered pain and temperature perception following cingulotomy and capsulotomy in a patient with schizoaffective disorder.","volume":"59","author":"Davis","year":"1994"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Neuroimage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S426","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(18)31259-X","article-title":"fMRI of the anterior cingulate cortex during painful, thermal and motor tasks in individual subjects.","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"1998"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.3.1533","article-title":"Functional MRI study of thalamic and cortical activations evoked by cutaneous heat, cold and tactile stimuli.","volume":"80","author":"Davis","year":"1998"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Nature Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0697-671","article-title":"Globus pallidus stimulation activates the cortical motor system during alleviation of parkinsonian symptoms.","volume":"3","author":"Davis","year":"1997"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3370","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.6.3370","article-title":"Functional MRI of pain- and attention-related activations in the human cingulate cortex.","volume":"77","author":"Davis","year":"1997"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Neuroreport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199512000-00077","article-title":"fMRI of human somatosensory and cingulate cortex during painful electrical nerve stimulation.","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"1995"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Brain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/116.1.267","article-title":"Thalamic stimulation and suppression of parkinsonian tremor. Evidence of a cerebellar deactivation using positron emission tomography.","volume":"116","author":"Deiber","year":"1993"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Pain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00138-3","article-title":"Pain processing during three levels of noxious stimulation produces differential patterns of central activity.","volume":"73","author":"Derbyshire","year":"1997"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050254","article-title":"Pain and Stroop interference tasks activate separate processing modules in anterior cingulate cortex.","volume":"118","author":"Derbyshire","year":"1998"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Pain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(83)90094-5","article-title":"The inhibitory effects of thalamic stimulation on the spinal transmission of nociceptive information in the rat.","volume":"17","author":"Dickenson","year":"1983"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Forebrain Areas Involved in Pain Processing.","first-page":"171","article-title":"Potential role of orbital and cingulate cortices in nociception","author":"Dostrovsky","year":"1995"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Pain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(91)90164-S","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation: a review of basic research and clinical studies.","volume":"45","author":"Duncan","year":"1991"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.6.3326","article-title":"Stimulation of human thalamus for pain relief: possible modulatory circuits revealed by positron emission tomography.","volume":"80","author":"Duncan","year":"1998"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1991.122","article-title":"Comparing functional (PET) images: the assessment of significant change.","volume":"11","author":"Friston","year":"1991"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01035-9","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the cingulum bundle and surrounding cortical tissue reduces formalin-test pain in the rat.","volume":"743","author":"Fuchs","year":"1996"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1983.49.2.406","article-title":"Inhibition of primate spinothalamic tract neurons by stimulation in ventral posterior lateral (VPLc) thalamic nucleus: possible mechanisms.","volume":"49","author":"Gerhart","year":"1983"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Appl Neurophysiol","first-page":"112","article-title":"Combined electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter and sensory thalamus.","volume":"46","author":"Hosobuchi","year":"1983"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Arch Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1973.00490270040005","article-title":"Chronic thalamic stimulation for the control of facial anesthesia dolorosa.","volume":"29","author":"Hosobuchi","year":"1973"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Neuroreport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199708180-00013","article-title":"Electrophysiological study of the connection between medial thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex in the rat.","volume":"8","author":"Hsu","year":"1997"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Nat Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/8065","article-title":"Pain-related neurons in the human cingulate cortex.","volume":"2","author":"Hutchison","year":"1999"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Proc R Soc Lond (B)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1991.0048","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical localization of response to pain in man using positron emission tomography.","volume":"244","author":"Jones","year":"1991"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1986.118","article-title":"Response of regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism to thalamic stimulation in humans as revealed by positron emission tomography.","volume":"6","author":"Katayama","year":"1986"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199704000-00015","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for intractable pain: a 15-year experience.","volume":"40","author":"Kumar","year":"1997"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Neurosci Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)12266-4","article-title":"Thalamocortical projection from the parafascicular nucleus to layer V pyramidal cells in frontal and cingulate areas of the rat.","volume":"203","author":"Marini","year":"1996"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902720205","article-title":"Organization of cortical and subcortical projections to anterior cingulate cortex in the cat.","volume":"272","author":"Musil","year":"1988"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2860723","article-title":"Positron emission tomography: human brain function and biochemistry.","volume":"228","author":"Phelps","year":"1985"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1159\/000098914","article-title":"Bilateral MRI-guided stereotactic cingulotomy for intractable pain.","volume":"59","author":"Pillay","year":"1992"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5328.968","article-title":"Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex.","volume":"277","author":"Rainville","year":"1997"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901950308","article-title":"Thalamic connections with limbic cortex. I. Thalamocortical projections.","volume":"195","author":"Robertson","year":"1981"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.68.5.1720","article-title":"Nociceptive neurons in area 24 of rabbit cingulate cortex.","volume":"68","author":"Sikes","year":"1992"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.78.1.450","article-title":"Cerebral processing of acute skin and muscle pain in humans.","volume":"78","author":"Svensson","year":"1997"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain.","first-page":"1","author":"Talairach","year":"1988"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2003220","article-title":"Multiple representations of pain in human cerebral cortex.","volume":"251","author":"Talbot","year":"1991"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Clinical results and \u03b2-endorphin immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid. Pain","first-page":"115","article-title":"Thalamic relay nucleus stimulation for relief of intractable pain.","volume":"18","author":"Tsubokawa","year":"1984"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Pain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(89)90008-0","article-title":"Analgesia produced by injection of lidocaine into the anterior cingulum bundle of the rat.","volume":"39","author":"Vaccarino","year":"1989"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Eur J Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01608.x","article-title":"Pain processing in four regions of human cingulate cortex localized with co-registered PET and MR imaging.","volume":"8","author":"Vogt","year":"1996"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902620207","article-title":"Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey: I. Cytoarchitecture and thalamic afferents.","volume":"262","author":"Vogt","year":"1987"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1126\/science.107587","article-title":"Thalamic and cortical afferents differentiate anterior from posterior cingulate cortex in the monkey.","volume":"204","author":"Vogt","year":"1979"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199701000-00002","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of the pain system and of the pathways that modulate pain.","volume":"14","author":"Willis","year":"1997"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902740109","article-title":"Cingulate gyrus of the cat receives projection fibers from the thalamic region ventral to the ventral border of the ventrobasal complex.","volume":"274","author":"Yasui","year":"1988"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/92\/1\/article-p64.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/92\/1\/article-p64.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/92\/1\/article-p64.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T05:12:10Z","timestamp":1679893930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/92\/1\/article-p64.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2000.92.1.0064","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}}}