{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:31:17Z","timestamp":1792625477719,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\n                    <jats:italic>Object.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The goal of this study was to investigate whether stimulation of trigeminal afferents in the cornea could enhance cerebral blood flow (CBF) in rats after they have been subjected to experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Cerebral vasospasm following SAH may compromise CBF and increase the risks of morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is no effective treatment for SAH-induced vasospasm. Direct stimulation of the trigeminal nerve has been shown to dilate constricted cerebral arteries after SAH; however, a noninvasive method to activate this nerve would be preferable for human applications. The authors hypothesized that stimulation of free nerve endings of trigeminal sensory fibers in the face might be as effective as direct stimulation of the trigeminal nerve.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\n                    <jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Autologous blood obtained from the tail artery was injected into the cisterna magna of 10 rats. Forty-eight and 96 hours later (five rats each) trigeminal afferents were stimulated selectively by applying transcorneal biphasic pulses (1 msec, 3 mA, and 30 Hz), and CBF enhancements were detected using laser Doppler flowmetry in the territory of the middle cerebral artery. Stimulation-induced changes in cerebrovascular parameters were compared with similar parameters in sham-operated controls (six rats). Development of vasospasm was histologically verified in every rat with SAH. Corneal stimulation caused an increase in CBF and blood pressure and a net decrease in cerebrovascular resistance. There were no significant differences between groups for these changes.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Data from the present study demonstrate that transcorneal stimulation of trigeminal nerve endings induces vasodilation and a robust increase in CBF. The vasodilatory response of cerebral vessels to trigeminal activation is retained after SAH-induced vasospasm.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.5.1179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,13]],"date-time":"2009-05-13T13:43:29Z","timestamp":1242222209000},"page":"1179-1183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Transcorneal stimulation of trigeminal nerve afferents to increase cerebral blood flow in rats with cerebral vasospasm: a noninvasive method to activate the trigeminovascular reflex"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Basar","family":"Atalay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayrunnisa","family":"Bolay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turgay","family":"Dalkara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Figen","family":"Soylemezoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Oge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman Ekin","family":"Ozcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Neuroreport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199009000-00012","article-title":"Cutaneous stimulation regulates blood flow in cerebral cortex in anesthetized rats.","volume":"1","author":"Adachi","year":"1990"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00091-7","article-title":"Trigeminal autonomic pathways involved in nociception-induced reflex cardiovascular responses.","volume":"754","author":"Allen","year":"1997"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Acta Neurochir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01808556","article-title":"Effect of subarachnoid haemorrhage on trigeminovascular calcitonin-gene-related peptide and substance P of the rat dura mater versus cerebral vasculature.","volume":"127","author":"Arand","year":"1994"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/02688699550041331","article-title":"The physiology of the cerebrovascular parasympathetic innervation.","volume":"9","author":"Branston","year":"1995"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1986.106","article-title":"Subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat: cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism during the late phase of cerebral vasospasm.","volume":"6","author":"Delgado","year":"1986"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Comp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901880107","article-title":"Efferent connections of the brainstem trigeminal complex with the facial nucleus of the rat.","volume":"188","author":"Erzurumlu","year":"1979"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"R270","article-title":"Effect of stimulation of trigeminal ganglion on regional cerebral blood flow in cats.","volume":"20","author":"Goadsby","year":"1987"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"247","article-title":"Stimulation of an intracranial trigeminally-innervated structure selectively increases cerebral blood flow.","volume":"751","author":"Goadsby","year":"1997"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1990.140","article-title":"The time course of intracranial pathophysiological changes following experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage in the rat.","volume":"10","author":"Jackowski","year":"1990"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699008992720","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide-LI in subarachnoid haemorrhage in man. 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