{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:49:33Z","timestamp":1790412573775,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Object.<\/jats:italic> In this study the authors evaluated the outcome in patients with brachial plexus injuries who underwent nerve transfers to the biceps and the brachialis branches of the musculocutaneous nerve.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic> The charts of eight patients who underwent an ulnar nerve fascicle transfer to the biceps branch of the musculocutaneous nerve and a separate transfer to the brachialis branch were retrospectively reviewed. Outcome was assessed using the Medical Research Council (MRC) grade to classify elbow flexion strength in conjunction with electromyography (EMG).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">The mean patient age was 26.4 years (range 16\u201345 years) and the mean time from injury to surgery was 3.8 months (range 2.5\u20137.5 months). Recovery of elbow flexion was MRC Grade 4 in five patients, and Grade 4+ in three. Reinnervation of both the biceps and brachialis muscles was confirmed on EMG studies. Ulnar nerve function was not downgraded in any patient.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Conclusions.<\/jats:italic> The use of nerve transfers to reinnervate the biceps and brachialis muscle provides excellent elbow flexion strength in patients with brachial plexus nerve injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.2.0313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,13]],"date-time":"2009-05-13T17:55:36Z","timestamp":1242237336000},"page":"313-318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Nerve transfers to the biceps and brachialis branches to improve elbow flexion strength after brachial plexus injuries"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Tung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine B.","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Mackinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Hand Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00590-4","article-title":"Management of acute and chronic biceps tendon rupture.","volume":"16","author":"Aldridge","year":"2000"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Orthop","first-page":"67","article-title":"Neurotization via the spinal accessory nerve in complete paralysis due to multiple avulsion injuries of the brachial plexus.","volume":"237","author":"Allieu","year":"1988"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Orthop","first-page":"193","article-title":"Distal biceps tendon ruptures: a historical perspective and current concepts.","volume":"30","author":"Bernstein","year":"2001"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200005000-00014","article-title":"Skeletal muscle reinnervation by reduced axonal numbers results in whole muscle force deficits.","volume":"105","author":"Cederna","year":"2000"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Hand Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00272-9","article-title":"Neurotization procedures for brachial plexus injuries.","volume":"11","author":"Chuang","year":"1995"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Neurol Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30189-0","article-title":"Indications for peripheral nerve and brachial plexus surgery.","volume":"10","author":"Dubuisson","year":"1992"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3876","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03876.1995","article-title":"Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged axotomy.","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"1995"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03886.1995","article-title":"Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged denervation.","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"1995"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880110710","article-title":"Neurovascular-anastomosed muscle grafts in rabbits: functional deficits result from tendon repair.","volume":"11","author":"Guelinckx","year":"1988"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"203","article-title":"Surgical relationship of the medial pectoral nerve to the musculocutaneous nerve: a cadaveric study.","volume":"48","author":"Hansasuta","year":"2001"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Clin Orthop","first-page":"75","article-title":"Nerve repairs for traumatic brachial plexus palsy with root avulsion.","volume":"237","author":"Kawai","year":"1988"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199707)20:7<858::AID-MUS10>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"The effect of duration of muscle denervation on functional recovery in the rat model.","volume":"20","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1997"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Hand Surg (Am)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80059-2","article-title":"Nerve transfer to biceps muscle using a part of the ulnar nerve in brachial plexus injury (upper arm type): a report of 32 cases.","volume":"23","author":"Leechavengvongs","year":"1998"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Ann Chir Main Memb Super","first-page":"275","article-title":"Transferts de fascicules du nerf ulnaire sur le nerf du muscle biceps dans les avulsions C5\u2013C6 ou C5\u2013C6\u2013C7 du plexus brachial. 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