{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T03:45:16Z","timestamp":1770522316685,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\u2713 Sir Victor Horsley's lecture \u201cOn the Technique of Operations on the Central Nervous System,\u201d delivered in Toronto in 1906, set the stage for an appraisal of Sir William Osler as a protagonist for the emerging specialty of neurosurgery.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">During his time at McGill University from 1871 to 1884, Osler performed more than 1000 autopsies. His pathological reports covered the topics of cerebral aneurysm, apoplectic hemorrhage, vascular infarction, subdural hematoma, meningitis, multiple sclerosis, cerebral abscess, and brain tumor. He wrote about cerebral localization and anatomy and the relationships between the morphological characteristics of the brain and intelligence and criminality. During his continuing career at Philadelphia and Baltimore, Osler published widely on problems in clinical neurology, including monographs on cerebral palsies and chorea as well as chapters on disorders of the nervous system in the first five editions of his popular textbook, <jats:italic>The Principles and Practice of Medicine<\/jats:italic>. He became familiar with many of the outstanding figures in medical neurology of his time.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">Regarding neurosurgery, Osler commended the pioneer operation for a brain tumor in 1884 by Rickman Godlee and the surgery for epilepsy in 1886 by Horsley. In 1907, in discussing the state of brain surgery as reviewed by Horsley, William Macewen, and others, Osler made a plea for \u201cmedico-chirurgical neurologists, properly trained in the anatomical, physiological, clinical and surgical aspects of the subject.\u201d He played a significant role as a referring physician, mentor, and friend to his young colleague Harvey Cushing (later to become Osler's Boswell), who was breaking new ground in neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Beyond that Osler became an inspiring hero figure for his Oxford student Wilder Penfield, who a few decades later would establish a neurological institute at McGill University where medico-chirurgical neurology would flourish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.99.1.0188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,13]],"date-time":"2009-05-13T17:53:09Z","timestamp":1242237189000},"page":"188-199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Osler and the \u201cmedico-chirurgical neurologists\u201d: Horsley, Cushing, and Penfield"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"William","family":"Feindel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Classified and Annotated Bibliography of Sir William Osler's Publications","year":"1939"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Can Med Assoc J","first-page":"284","article-title":"Osler's pathological collections and his literary output.","volume":"42","author":"Abbott","year":"1940"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Queen Square and the National Hospital 1860\u20131960.","year":"1960"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Trans Stud Coll Physicians Phila","first-page":"79","article-title":"Cushing and Osler: the evolution of a friendship.","volume":"7","author":"Barondess","year":"1985"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Perspectives Biol Med","first-page":"65","article-title":"Is Osler dead?","volume":"45","author":"Barondess","year":"2002"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Anatomical Studies Upon Brains of Criminals.","author":"Benedikt","year":"1881"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Trans R Med Chir Soc London","first-page":"243","article-title":"Case of cerebral tumour. The surgical treatment.","volume":"68","author":"Bennett","year":"1885"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"William Osler. A Life in Medicine.","author":"Bliss","year":"1999"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"759","article-title":"William Osler and \u201cthe special field of neurological surgery.\u201d","volume":"70","author":"Canale","year":"1989"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"The Principles and Practice of Medicine: Designed for the use of Practitioners and Students of Medicine","first-page":"867","article-title":"Diseases of the nervous system","author":"Cushing","year":"1905"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Neurological Biographies and Addresses. Foundation Volume: Published for the Staff, to Commemorate the Opening of the Montreal Neurological Institute, of McGill University.","first-page":"17","article-title":"Foundation lecture: psychiatrists, neurologists and the neurosurgeon","author":"Cushing","year":"1936"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"934","article-title":"Intradural tumor of the cervical meninges. With early restoration of function in the cord after removal of the tumor.","volume":"39","author":"Cushing","year":"1904"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Can Med Assoc J","first-page":"59","article-title":"Laboratories: then and now.","volume":"13","author":"Cushing","year":"1923"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"The Life of Sir William Osler.","author":"Cushing","year":"1925"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Surgery: Its Principles and Practice.","first-page":"17","article-title":"Surgery of the head","author":"Cushing","year":"1908"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"773","article-title":"The surgical aspects of major neuralgia of the trigeminal nerve. A report of twenty cases of operation on the gasserian ganglion, with anatomic and physiological notes on the consequences of its removal.","volume":"44","author":"Cushing","year":"1905"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"The Making of a Library: Extracts From Letters 1934\u20131941 of Harvey Cushing, Arnold C. Klebs, John F. Fulton.","author":"Cushing","year":"1959"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"McGill Med J","first-page":"157","article-title":"Sir William Osler: Reminiscences.","volume":"16","author":"Davison","year":"1947"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Roche Image Med Res","first-page":"10","article-title":"On rounds with Osler.","volume":"14","author":"Davison","year":"1972"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Int Assoc Med Museums J Tech Methods","first-page":"227","article-title":"Reminiscence.","volume":"9","author":"Dercum","year":"1926"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","first-page":"236","article-title":"Osler and neurology.","volume":"12","author":"Ebers","year":"1985"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Bio Memoirs R Soc","first-page":"472","article-title":"Wilder Graves Penfield 1891\u20131976.","volume":"24","author":"Eccles","year":"1978"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Johns Hopkins Mag","first-page":"3","article-title":"A joke on the jester?","volume":"37","author":"Ecker","year":"1985"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"198","article-title":"Harvey Cushing's Canadian connections.","volume":"52","author":"Feindel","year":"2003"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"853","article-title":"Highlights of neurosurgery in Canada.","volume":"200","author":"Feindel","year":"1967"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"830","article-title":"Neurosurgery at the Montreal Neurological Institute and McGill University Hospitals.","volume":"39","author":"Feindel","year":"1996"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Osler Lib News","first-page":"1","article-title":"Osler's brain again.","volume":"64","author":"Feindel","year":"1990"},{"key":"b28","article-title":"Sir William Osler's contributions to neurology and neurosurgery (Presidential Address, Osler Society, McGill University, 31 May 1945).","author":"Feindel"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"93","article-title":"Wilder Penfield (1891\u20131976): the man and his work.","volume":"1","author":"Feindel","year":"1977"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Harvey Cushing. A Biography.","author":"Fulton","year":"1946"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Osler Lib News","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Centenary of Osler's The Principles and Practice of Medicine.","volume":"69","author":"Golden","year":"1992"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"The Works of Egerton Yorrick Davis, MD.","year":"1999"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Sir William Osler: An Annotated Bibliography With Illustrations.","year":"1988"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"A Bibliography of the Writings of Harvey Cushing. Prepared on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday April 8, 1939.","year":"1939"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","first-page":"254","article-title":"Four early contributors to neurosurgery in North America.","volume":"27","author":"Hoff","year":"2000"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"670","article-title":"Brain-surgery.","volume":"2","author":"Horsley","year":"1886"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"111","article-title":"The Brown lectures on pathology.","volume":"1","author":"Horsley","year":"1885"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"484","article-title":"On the technique of operation on the central nervous system.","volume":"2","author":"Horsley","year":"1906"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"1286","article-title":"Remarks on the surgery of the central nervous system.","volume":"2","author":"Horsley","year":"1890"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Classified and Annotated Bibliography of Sir William Osler's Publications","article-title":"Foreword","author":"Jacobs","year":"1939"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Neurosurgical Giants: Feet of Clay and Iron.","first-page":"51","article-title":"Harvey Cushing 1869\u20131939","author":"Jefferson","year":"1985"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"728","article-title":"California's Cushing connection: Harvey Cushing trained California's first neurosurgeons.","volume":"97","author":"Keller","year":"2002"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"A History of Neurosurgery: In its Scientific and Professional Contexts.","first-page":"153","article-title":"The crucible years 1880 to 1900: Macewen to Cushing","author":"Lyons","year":"1997"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"The Citizen Surgeon: A Biography of Sir Victor Horsley, F.R.S., F.R.C.S., 1857\u20131916.","author":"Lyons","year":"1966"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Twentieth Century Neurology: The British Contribution.","first-page":"179","article-title":"Sir Victor Horsley (1857\u20131916) revisited","author":"Lyons","year":"2001"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"J R Soc Med","first-page":"307","article-title":"Osler oration.","volume":"75","author":"Matthews","year":"1982"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Aequanimitas: With Other Addresses to Medical Students, Nurses and Practitioners of Medicine.","author":"Osler","year":"1914"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Can Med Surg J","first-page":"660","article-title":"Aneurism of the cerebral arteries.","volume":"14","author":"Osler","year":"1885\/86"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Can Med Surg J","first-page":"409","article-title":"Book review of Charcot JM: Lectures on Localization in Diseases of the Brain. New York: Wood & Co., 1878.","volume":"7","author":"Osler","year":"1878\/79"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Am J Med Sci","first-page":"218","article-title":"Book review of Gowers WR: The Diagnosis of Diseases of the Spinal Cord. London: Churchill, 1880.","volume":"89","author":"Osler","year":"1885"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Med News","first-page":"162","article-title":"Book review of Mitchell SW: Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System, Especially in Women, ed 2. Philadelphia: Lea Bros & Co., 1885.","volume":"47","author":"Osler","year":"1886"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"Oxford Magazine","first-page":"175","article-title":"Book review of Paget S: Sir Victor Horsley. A Study of His Life and Work. London: Constable and Co., 1919.","volume":"38","author":"Osler","year":"1920"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis","first-page":"657","article-title":"Case of cholesteatoma of floor of third ventricle and of the infundibulum.","volume":"14","author":"Osler","year":"1887"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"J Anat Physiol","first-page":"217","article-title":"Case of medullary neuroma of the brain.","volume":"15","author":"Osler","year":"1880\/81"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Can Med Surg J","first-page":"106","article-title":"Catalogue of a series of specimens illustrative of the morbid anatomy of the brain and spinal cord.","volume":"9","author":"Osler","year":"1880\/81"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"The Cerebral Palsies of Children: A Clinical Study From the Infirmary for Nervous Diseases, Philadelphia.","author":"Osler","year":"1889"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"Am J Med Sci","first-page":"31","article-title":"A contribution to Jacksonian epilepsy and the situation of the leg centre.","volume":"89","author":"Osler","year":"1885"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Creators, Transmuters and Transmitters. 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London, August 10, 1881.","volume":"10","author":"Osler","year":"1881"},{"key":"b63","series-title":"Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull","first-page":"87","article-title":"Jean-Martin Charcot.","volume":"4","author":"Osler","year":"1893"},{"key":"b64","series-title":"Can Med Surg J","first-page":"732","article-title":"Notes and comments on Gowers WR: A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System. Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1888.","volume":"16","author":"Osler","year":"1887\/88"},{"key":"b65","series-title":"On Chorea and Choreiform Affections.","author":"Osler","year":"1894"},{"key":"b66","series-title":"Can Med Surg J","first-page":"16","article-title":"On Giacomini's method of preserving the brain. (Diagrams and specimens presented, Medico-Chirurgical Society of Montreal, 25 July 1879.)","volume":"8","author":"Osler","year":"1879\/80"},{"key":"b67","series-title":"Can Med Surg J","first-page":"385","article-title":"On the brains of criminals. With a description of the brains of two murderers.","volume":"10","author":"Osler","year":"1882"},{"key":"b68","series-title":"Can Practitioner","first-page":"165","article-title":"On the conditions of the brain suitable for operative interference.","volume":"14","author":"Osler","year":"1889"},{"key":"b69","series-title":"The Principles and Practice of Medicine: Designed for the Use of Practitioners and Students of Medicine.","author":"Osler","year":"1892"},{"key":"b70","series-title":"Can Med Surg J","first-page":"461","article-title":"Report on the brains of Richards and O'Rourke.","volume":"11","author":"Osler","year":"1882\/83"},{"key":"b71","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"120","article-title":"Silas Weir Mitchell, MD, LLD.","volume":"1","author":"Osler","year":"1914"},{"key":"b72","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"165","article-title":"Some personal appreciations.","volume":"2","author":"Osler","year":"1916"},{"key":"b73","series-title":"Med Times","first-page":"394","article-title":"The structure of certain gliomata.","volume":"16","author":"Osler","year":"1885\/86"},{"key":"b74","series-title":"Med News","first-page":"381","article-title":"The thyroid gland and myxedema.","volume":"46","author":"Osler","year":"1885"},{"key":"b75","series-title":"Sir Victor Horsley. 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