{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T05:31:22Z","timestamp":1769923882047,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">\u2713 Much has been written about Harvey Cushing, his contributions to neurosurgery, and his relationship with many of his contemporaries. Nevertheless, there is no independent report documenting his relationship with Ohio's first neurosurgeon, George W. Crile. Crile's role as a neurosurgeon is limited to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and he is best remembered for other accomplishments. Father of physiological surgery, pioneering surgeon, innovator, inventor, soldier, and the principal founder of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Crile lived during the golden era of surgery, when the discipline was evolving from a crude and chancy art to an applied science. Crile achieved distinction by performing and describing the first successful radical neck dissection for head and neck cancers and the first successful direct human-to-human blood transfusion. He helped introduce the measurement of blood pressure during surgery, first used cocaine for regional anesthesia in the US, proposed \u201canoci-anesthesia\u201d to prevent shock during surgery, helped establish one of the first nurse anesthetist schools, and invented the Crile forceps and the pneumatic suit, which was the forerunner to the aviator's antigravity suit. He was a founding member of the American College of Surgeons, its second president (1916\u20131917), and chairman of the Board of Regents (1913\u20131939). Crile was a teacher, lecturer, and author who published more than 400 papers and 24 books.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">In this report the authors trace the relationship between Crile and Cushing from their initial competition for a staff surgeon's position to their common interest in blood pressure, and their roles in the American <jats:italic>Ambulance<\/jats:italic> in France and later in World War I.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.103.2.0378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,13]],"date-time":"2009-05-13T18:03:41Z","timestamp":1242237821000},"page":"378-386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["George W. Crile, Ohio's first neurosurgeon, and his relationship with Harvey Cushing"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Narendra","family":"Nathoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick K.","family":"Lautzenheiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gene H.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet","first-page":"378","article-title":"George Crile.","volume":"76","author":"Balfour","year":"1943"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"To Act As a Unit: the Story of the Cleveland Clinic","first-page":"29","year":"1971"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00010","article-title":"Introduction of the blood pressure cuff into U.S. medical practice: technology and skilled practice.","volume":"128","author":"Crenner","year":"1998"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1482","article-title":"Direct transfusion of blood in the treatment of hemorrhage: Preliminary clinical note.","volume":"47","author":"Crile","year":"1906"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"491","article-title":"An experimental and clinical research into cocain and eucain.","volume":"38","author":"Crile","year":"1902"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"George Crile\u2014An Autobiography","year":"1947"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Boston Med Surg J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM190303051481001","article-title":"A research into the means of controlling the blood pressure.","volume":"148","author":"Crile","year":"1903"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Anemia and Resuscitation: an Experimental and Clinical Research.","author":"Crile","year":"1914"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Blood-Pressure in Surgery: an Experimental and Clinical Research. The Cartwright Prize Essay for 1903.","author":"Crile","year":"1903"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Cleve J Med","first-page":"168","article-title":"A case illustrating a new method of controlling hemorrhage in certain operations on the head and neck.","volume":"2","author":"Crile","year":"1897"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Science","first-page":"765","article-title":"Experimental and clinical observations upon direct transfusion of blood.","volume":"24","author":"Crile","year":"1906"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"An Experimental Research into Surgical Shock.","author":"Crile","year":"1899"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"George Washington Crile Papers 1888\u20131946.","author":"Crile"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Hemorrhage and Transfusion. An Experimental and Clinical Research.","author":"Crile","year":"1909"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Med News","first-page":"819","article-title":"Intravenous infusion of saline solution.","volume":"80","author":"Crile","year":"1902"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"The Kinetic Drive: Its Phenomena and Control. Wesley M. Carpenter Lecture Before the New York Academy of Medicine, 1915.","author":"Crile","year":"1916"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"7","article-title":"The kinetic theory of shock and its prevention through anoci-association (shockless operation).","volume":"2","author":"Crile","year":"1913"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Tr Ohio Med Soc:","first-page":"90","article-title":"A new method of applying cocaine for producing surgical anesthesia, with the report of a case.","author":"Crile","year":"1897"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Cincinnati Lancet-Clinic New Series","first-page":"411","article-title":"Notes on fracture of the skull.","volume":"29","author":"Crile","year":"1892"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Med Rec","first-page":"270","article-title":"Observations on the surgery of the brain, based on clinical and experimental evidence.","volume":"57","author":"Crile","year":"1900"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"244","article-title":"Preliminary note on an experimental research into the means of controlling the blood pressure.","volume":"148","author":"Crile","year":"1903"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Tr Ohio Med Soc","first-page":"198","article-title":"Research into the technique of laryngeal operations, with report of four successful total extirpations.","author":"Crile","year":"1897"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Tr South Surg Gynec","first-page":"362","article-title":"The resuscitation of the apparently dead and a demonstration of the pneumatic rubber suit as a means of controlling blood pressure.","volume":"16","author":"Crile","year":"1904"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Cleve J Med","first-page":"203","article-title":"Some observations on the surgery of the brain based on 42 operations and experimental research.","volume":"4","author":"Crile","year":"1899"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet","first-page":"68","article-title":"The Unit plan of organization of the medical reserve corps of the U.S.A. for service in base hospitals.","volume":"22","author":"Crile","year":"1916"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Anoci-Association.","author":"Crile","year":"1914"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Harvey William Cushing Papers, Manuscript and Archives.","author":"Cushing"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"From a Surgeon's Journal 1915\u20131918.","author":"Cushing","year":"1936"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Boston Med Surg J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM190303051481002","article-title":"On routine determinations of arterial tension in operating room and clinic.","volume":"148","author":"Cushing","year":"1903"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"321","article-title":"On the avoidance of shock in major amputations by cocainization of the large-nerve trunks preliminary to their division. With observations on blood-pressure changes in surgical cases.","volume":"36","author":"Cushing","year":"1902"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Ann Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-196901000-00001","article-title":"The society of clinical surgery in retrospect.","volume":"169","author":"Cushing","year":"1969"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199512000-00018","article-title":"Harvey Cushing, M.D: A Clevelander.","volume":"37","author":"Firlik","year":"1995"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Harvey Cushing: A Biography.","author":"Fulton","year":"1946"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Medicine in Cleveland and Cuyahoga County 1810\u20131976.","first-page":"492","article-title":"Neurosurgery","author":"Gardner","year":"1977"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"The Lives of University Hospitals of Cleveland: The 125-Year Evolution of an Academic Center.","author":"Gottlieb","year":"1991"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Johns Hopkins Med J","first-page":"196","article-title":"Harvey Williams Cushing: The Baltimore Period, 1896\u20131912.","volume":"138","author":"Harvey","year":"1976"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Med Biog","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/096777209400200204","article-title":"George Washington Crile (1864\u20131943).","volume":"2","author":"Hermann","year":"1994"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"National Alumni","article-title":"Source records of the Great War","volume":"5","author":"Houston","year":"1923"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"The Life and Times of Dudley Peter Allen.","author":"Hudson","year":"1992"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"The Clinical Study Of Blood Pressure. 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