{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:05:16Z","timestamp":1787839516460,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess outcome following decompressive craniectomy for malignant brain swelling due to closed traumatic brain injury (TBI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During a 48-month period (March 2000\u2013March 2004), 50 of 967 consecutive patients with closed TBI experienced diffuse brain swelling and underwent decompressive craniectomy, without removal of clots or contusion, to control intracranial pressure (ICP) or to reverse dangerous brain shifts. Diffuse injury was demonstrated in 44 patients, an evacuated mass lesion in four in whom decompressive craniectomy had been performed as a separate procedure, and a nonevacuated mass lesion in two. Decompressive craniectomy was performed urgently in 10 patients before ICP monitoring; in 40 patients the procedure was performed after ICP had become unresponsive to conventional medical management as outlined in the American Association of Neurological Surgeons guidelines. Survivors were followed up for at least 3 months posttreatment to determine their Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Decompressive craniectomy lowered ICP to less than 20 mm Hg in 85% of patients. In the 40 patients who had undergone ICP monitoring before decompression, ICP decreased from a mean of 23.9 to 14.4 mm Hg (p &lt; 0.001). Fourteen of 50 patients died, and 16 either remained in a vegetative state (seven patients) or were severely disabled (nine patients). Twenty patients had a good outcome (GOS Score 4\u20135). Among 30-day survivors, good outcome occurred in 17, 67, and 67% of patients with postresuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 to 5, 6 to 8, and 9 to 15, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Outcome was unaffected by abnormal pupillary response to light, timing of decompressive craniectomy, brain shift as demonstrated on computerized tomography scanning, and patient age, possibly because of the small number of patients in each of the subsets. Complications included hydrocephalus (five patients), hemorrhagic swelling ipsilateral to the craniectomy site (eight patients), and subdural hygroma (25 patients).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Decompressive craniectomy was associated with a better-than-expected functional outcome in patients with medically uncontrollable ICP and\/or brain herniation, compared with outcomes in other control cohorts reported on in the literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.4.469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,24]],"date-time":"2008-01-24T07:34:12Z","timestamp":1201160052000},"page":"469-479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":462,"title":["Outcome following decompressive craniectomy for malignant swelling due to severe head injury"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Bizhan","family":"Aarabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale C.","family":"Hesdorffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward S.","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Aresco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Scalea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard M.","family":"Eisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-1040469","series-title":"Congress of Neurological Surgeons 54th Annual Meeting: October 16\u201321, 2004;","article-title":"Normoxic ventilatory resuscitation following controlled cortical impact reduces reactive oxygen species-mediated protein nitration in the hippocampus"},{"key":"b2-1040469","series-title":"Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000089927.67396.F3","article-title":"Decompressive craniectomy for severe traumatic brain injury: evaluation of the effects at one year","volume":"31","year":"2003"},{"key":"b3-1040469","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3109\/02688698708999632","article-title":"Subtemporal decompression: radiological observations and current surgical experience","volume":"1","year":"1987"},{"key":"b4-1040469","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"497","article-title":"The Brain Trauma Foundation. The American Association of NeurologicalSurgeons. The Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care.Recommendations for intracranial pressure monitoring technology.","volume":"17","year":"2000"},{"key":"b5-1040469","series-title":"No To Shinkei","first-page":"1145","article-title":"[Cranioplasty using cryopreserved autogenous bone.]","volume":"45","year":"1993"},{"key":"b6-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1977.47.4.0491","article-title":"The outcome from severe head injury with early diagnosis and intensive management","volume":"47","year":"1977"},{"key":"b7-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.2.0241","article-title":"Cerebral hyperglycolysis following severe traumatic brain injury in humans: a positron emission tomography study","volume":"86","year":"1997"},{"key":"b8-1040469","series-title":"American Association of Neurological Surgeons Annual Meeting: April 16\u201321, 2005;","article-title":"Early abnormalities of regional brain metabolism following human traumatic brain injury: FDG and O-15 PET studies of hyperglycolysis, metabolic depression, and ischemia"},{"key":"b9-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01808684","article-title":"Infections in neurosurgery: a retrospective study of 1143 patients and 1517 operations","volume":"78","year":"1985"},{"key":"b10-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurol Belg","first-page":"174","article-title":"Incidence et traitement des hygromes sous-duraux chez le traumatis\u00e9 cr\u00e2nien grave","volume":"84","year":"1984"},{"key":"b11-1040469","series-title":"Neurocirugia (Astur)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1130-1473(05)70433-4","article-title":"Revision de los ensayos clinicos sobre prevencion del dano neurologico en el traumatismo crancoencefalico grave y analisis de su fracaso terapeutico","volume":"16","year":"2005"},{"key":"b12-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.75.5.0685","article-title":"Cerebral circulation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury: the elusive role of ischemia","volume":"75","year":"1991"},{"key":"b13-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.3.0360","article-title":"Ultra-early evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow in severely head-injured patients using xenon-enhanced computerized tomography","volume":"77","year":"1992"},{"key":"b14-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1973.38.2.0131","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain metabolism in comatose patients","volume":"38","year":"1973"},{"issue":"Suppl 10","key":"b15-1040469","series-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s10.3.x","article-title":"The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: a review","volume":"44","year":"2003"},{"key":"b16-1040469","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199908000-00001","article-title":"Current status of neuroprotection trials for traumatic brain injury: lessons from animal models and clinical studies","volume":"45","year":"1999"},{"key":"b17-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.74.5.0794","article-title":"Correlation of the extracellular glutamate concentration with extent of blood flow reduction after subdural hematoma in the rat","volume":"74","year":"1991"},{"key":"b18-1040469","series-title":"Eur J Emerg Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-199606000-00010","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of severe head injury. Brain Trauma Foundation","volume":"3","year":"1996"},{"key":"b19-1040469","series-title":"Zentralbl Neurochir","first-page":"106","article-title":"Der Wert der grossen druckentlastenden Trepanation beim therapieresistenten Hirn\u00f6dem. Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen, erste klinische Ergebnisse","volume":"50","year":"1989"},{"key":"b20-1040469","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1399-y","article-title":"Life-threatening hyperkalaemia following therapeutic barbiturate coma","volume":"28","year":"2002"},{"key":"b21-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.95.6.1053","article-title":"Metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, and cardiovascular collapse after prolonged propofol infusion","volume":"95","year":"2001"},{"key":"b22-1040469","series-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8627(05)70319-9","article-title":"The management of severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"15","year":"1997"},{"key":"b23-1040469","series-title":"J Trauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199302000-00006","article-title":"The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury","volume":"34","year":"1993"},{"key":"b24-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1968.29.4.0367","article-title":"The failure of circumferential craniotomy in acute traumatic cerebral swelling","volume":"29","year":"1968"},{"key":"b25-1040469","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1993.10.263","article-title":"A phase II study of moderate hypothermia in severe brain injury","volume":"10","year":"1993"},{"key":"b26-1040469","series-title":"Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200204000-00003","article-title":"Fluid thresholds and outcome from severe brain injury","volume":"30","year":"2002"},{"key":"b27-1040469","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-197904000-00004","article-title":"Enhancement of experimental cerebral edema after decompressive craniectomy: implications for the management of severe head injuries","volume":"4","year":"1979"},{"key":"b28-1040469","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"25","article-title":"Hemicraniectomy in the treatment of acute subdural hematoma: a re-appraisal","volume":"5","year":"1976"},{"key":"b29-1040469","series-title":"J Trauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200106000-00013","article-title":"Safety and feasibility of craniectomy with duraplasty as the initial surgical intervention for severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"50","year":"2001"},{"key":"b30-1040469","series-title":"Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199508000-00016","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow, vascular resistance, and oxygen metabolism in acute brain trauma: redefining the role of cerebral perfusion pressure?","volume":"23","year":"1995"},{"key":"b31-1040469","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"270","article-title":"The place of decompressive surgery in the treatment of uncontrollable post-traumatic intracranial hypertension in children","volume":"12","year":"1996"},{"key":"b32-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6346-7_83","article-title":"The role of decompressive craniectomy in the treatment of uncontrollable post-traumatic intracranial hypertension","volume":"76","year":"2000"},{"key":"b33-1040469","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48441.x","article-title":"Clinical trials in traumatic brain injury. What can we learn from previous studies?","volume":"825","year":"1997"},{"key":"b34-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.69.1.0015","article-title":"High-dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury","volume":"69","year":"1988"},{"key":"b35-1040469","series-title":"Curr Opin Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000044767.39452.bf","article-title":"Neuroprotection and traumatic brain injury: theoretical option or realistic proposition","volume":"15","year":"2002"},{"key":"b36-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"101","article-title":"Lessons from epidemiologic studies in clinical trials of traumatic brain injury","volume":"89","year":"2004"},{"key":"b37-1040469","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"145","article-title":"Delayed evolution of posttraumatic subdural hygroma","volume":"9","year":"1978"},{"key":"b38-1040469","series-title":"Childs Brain","first-page":"484","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of surgical decompression and resection of local edema in the therapy of experimental brain trauma. Investigation of ICP, EEG and cerebral metabolism in cats","volume":"5","year":"1979"},{"key":"b39-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"326","article-title":"Traumatic brain swelling and operative decompression: a prospective investigation","volume":"51","year":"1990"},{"key":"b40-1040469","series-title":"Guidelines for Prehospital Management of Traumatic Brain Injury","year":"2000"},{"key":"b41-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01403193","article-title":"Intra-operative antibiotic prophylaxis in neurosurgery. A prospective, randomized, controlled study on cefotiam","volume":"113","year":"1991"},{"key":"b42-1040469","series-title":"Zentralbl Neurochir","first-page":"125","article-title":"Die bilaterale Kraniektomie zur Behandlung des schweren traumatischen Hirn\u00f6dems","volume":"41","year":"1980"},{"key":"b43-1040469","series-title":"Neurotrauma","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Variability of neurotrauma care in hospitals","year":"1996"},{"key":"b44-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050445","article-title":"Age and outcome after severe head injury","volume":"142","year":"2000"},{"key":"b45-1040469","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198810000-00002","article-title":"Role of subtemporal decompression in severe closed head injury","volume":"23","year":"1988"},{"issue":"2 Suppl Pediatrics","key":"b46-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"163","article-title":"Failure of autologous bone-assisted cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy in children and adolescents","volume":"100","year":"2004"},{"key":"b47-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.90.2.0187","article-title":"Surgical decompression for traumatic brain swelling: indications and results","volume":"90","year":"1999"},{"key":"b48-1040469","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1659","article-title":"Effect of craniectomy, durotomy, and wound closure on intracranial pressure in healthy cats","volume":"57","year":"1996"},{"key":"b49-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01774379","article-title":"The influence of the decompressive operation on the intracranial pressure and the pressure-volume relation in patients with severe head injuries","volume":"45","year":"1978"},{"key":"b50-1040469","series-title":"Eur J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-001-0864-x","article-title":"Unilateral decompressive craniectomy for children with severe brain injury. Report of seven cases and review of the relevant literature","volume":"161","year":"2002"},{"key":"b51-1040469","series-title":"Applied Logistic Regression","year":"1989"},{"key":"b52-1040469","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000047891.86938.46","article-title":"The use of frozen autogenous bone flaps in delayed cranioplasty revisited","volume":"52","year":"2003"},{"key":"b53-1040469","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"333","article-title":"Les hygromes sous-duraux posttraumatiques","volume":"29","year":"1983"},{"key":"b54-1040469","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.4.513","article-title":"Effects of decompressive craniectomy on brain tissue oxygen in patients with intracranial hypertension","volume":"74","year":"2003"},{"key":"b55-1040469","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150260190456","article-title":"Early indicators of prognosis in 846 cases of severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"19","year":"2002"},{"key":"b56-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.92.1.0001","article-title":"Intracranial hypertension and cerebral perfusion pressure: influence on neurological deterioration and outcome in severe head injury. The Executive Committee of the International Selfotel Trial","volume":"92","year":"2000"},{"key":"b57-1040469","series-title":"Neurochirurgia (Stuttg)","first-page":"35","article-title":"Dekompressive Kraniotomie bei schwerem Sch\u00e4delhirntrauma nach erfolgloser Behandlung mit Barbituraten","volume":"30","year":"1987"},{"key":"b58-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.85.5.0751","article-title":"Monitoring of cerebral oxygenation in patients with severe head injuries: brain tissue PO2 versus jugular vein oxygen saturation","volume":"85","year":"1996"},{"key":"b59-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1971.34.4.0488","article-title":"Bifrontal decompressive craniotomy for massive cerebral edema","volume":"34","year":"1971"},{"key":"b60-1040469","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199711000-00010","article-title":"Risk factors for neurosurgical site infections after craniotomy: a prospective multicenter study of 2944 patients. The French Study Group of Neurosurgical Infections, the SEHP, and the C-CLIN Paris-Nord Service Epidemiologie Hygiene et Prevention","volume":"41","year":"1997"},{"key":"b61-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"16","article-title":"Decompressive craniectomy in patients with uncontrollable intracranial hypertension","volume":"71","year":"1998"},{"key":"b62-1040469","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(99)00144-5","article-title":"Elevated cerebral perfusion pressure and low colloid osmotic pressure as a risk factor for subdural space-occupying hygromas?","volume":"52","year":"1999"},{"key":"b63-1040469","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2000.17.403","article-title":"Early predictors of mortality and morbidity after severe closed head injury","volume":"17","year":"2000"},{"key":"b64-1040469","series-title":"Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis","year":"1980"},{"key":"b65-1040469","series-title":"J Korean Med Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2000.15.5.560","article-title":"The fate of traumatic subdural hygroma in serial computed tomographic scans","volume":"15","year":"2000"},{"key":"b66-1040469","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699409002947","article-title":"The pathogenesis and fate of traumatic subdural hygroma","volume":"8","year":"1994"},{"key":"b67-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"113","article-title":"Clinical trials in traumatic brain injury: current problems and future solutions","volume":"89","year":"2004"},{"key":"b68-1040469","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1286","article-title":"Why have recent trials of neuroprotective agents in head injury failed to show convincing efficacy? A pragmatic analysis and theoretical considerations","volume":"44","year":"1999"},{"key":"b69-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"193","article-title":"Assessment of outcome following large decompressive craniectomy in management of serious cerebral contusion. A review of 207 cases","volume":"28","year":"1979"},{"key":"b70-1040469","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000108640.45371.1A","article-title":"Comparison of deep wound infection rates using a synthetic dural substitute (neuro-patch) or pericranium graft for dural closure: a clinical review of 1 year","volume":"54","year":"2004"},{"key":"b71-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.74.3.0407","article-title":"Acute regional cerebral blood flow changes caused by severe head injuries","volume":"74","year":"1991"},{"key":"b72-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"7","article-title":"Pathophysiology of traumatic brain edema: current concepts","volume":"86","year":"2003"},{"key":"b73-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg (Suppl)","first-page":"S59","article-title":"Impact of ICP instability and hypotension on outcome in patients with severe head trauma","volume":"75","year":"1991"},{"key":"b74-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.2.0183","article-title":"Contribution of edema and cerebral blood volume to traumatic brain swelling in head-injured patients","volume":"93","year":"2000"},{"key":"b75-1040469","series-title":"Congress of Neurological Surgeons 54th Annual Meeting: October 17, 2004;","article-title":"Traumatic Adult and Pediatric Brain Injury"},{"key":"b76-1040469","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"546","article-title":"Head injury: recent past, present, and future","volume":"47","year":"2000"},{"key":"b77-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.58.4.0566","article-title":"The oval pupil: clinical significance and relationship to intracranial hypertension","volume":"58","year":"1983"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b78-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.3171\/sup.1991.75.1s.0s14","article-title":"A new classification of head injury based on computerized tomography","volume":"75","year":"1991"},{"key":"b79-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1979.50.1.0020","article-title":"The outcome with aggressive treatment in severe head injuries. Part I: the significance of intracranial pressure monitoring","volume":"50","year":"1979"},{"key":"b80-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.59.2.0285","article-title":"The National Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Part 2: Patients who talk and deteriorate: implications for treatment","volume":"59","year":"1983"},{"key":"b81-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1977.47.4.0503","article-title":"Significance of intracranial hypertension in severe head injury","volume":"47","year":"1977"},{"key":"b82-1040469","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"S317","article-title":"Control of intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury","volume":"9","year":"1992"},{"key":"b83-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"152","article-title":"Management of intracranial hypertension in head injury: matching treatment with cause","volume":"57","year":"1993"},{"key":"b84-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.64.6.0902","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative neurosurgical wound infection. A case-control study","volume":"64","year":"1986"},{"key":"b85-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1968.29.6.0586","article-title":"An evaluation of decompression in experimental head injury","volume":"29","year":"1968"},{"key":"b86-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.91.5.0737","article-title":"Failure of the competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist Selfotel (CGS 19755) in the treatment of severe head injury: results of two Phase III clinical trials. The Selfotel Investigators","volume":"91","year":"1999"},{"key":"b87-1040469","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200008000-00009","article-title":"Management of severe traumatic brain injury by decompressive craniectomy","volume":"47","year":"2000"},{"key":"b88-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.56.5.0650","article-title":"Intracranial pressure: to monitor or not to monitor? A review of our experience with severe head injury","volume":"56","year":"1982"},{"key":"b89-1040469","series-title":"Med J Osaka Univ","first-page":"73","article-title":"Evaluation of external cranial decompression for traumatic acute brain swelling","volume":"25","year":"1974"},{"key":"b90-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01402184","article-title":"Cranioplasty with a frozen and autoclaved bone flap","volume":"102","year":"1990"},{"key":"b91-1040469","series-title":"Riv Patol Nerv Ment","first-page":"311","article-title":"The chemistry and fine structure in various types of cerebral edema","volume":"91","year":"1970"},{"key":"b92-1040469","series-title":"Prog Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)60944-9","article-title":"The distribution of water in brain tissues swollen in vitro and in vivo","volume":"15","year":"1965"},{"key":"b93-1040469","series-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1977000200002","article-title":"Craniotomia descompressive bifrontal to tratamento do edema cerebral grave","volume":"35","year":"1977"},{"key":"b94-1040469","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199707000-00018","article-title":"Decompressive bifrontal craniectomy in the treatment of severe refractory posttraumatic cerebral edema","volume":"41","year":"1997"},{"key":"b95-1040469","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199305000-00011","article-title":"Reconstruction of skull defects in children and adolescents by the use of fixed cranial bone grafts: long-term results","volume":"32","year":"1993"},{"key":"b96-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1971.34.1.0070","article-title":"Hemicraniectomy in the management of acute subdural hematoma","volume":"34","year":"1971"},{"key":"b97-1040469","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699008993798","article-title":"Post-operative infections of osteoplastic compared with free bone flaps","volume":"4","year":"1990"},{"key":"b98-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"394","article-title":"Hemodynamic effects of decompressive craniectomy in cold induced brain oedema","volume":"51","year":"1990"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b99-1040469","series-title":"Neurol Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1998.11740618","article-title":"Metabolic changes in the brain during transient ischemia measured with microdialysis","volume":"20","year":"1998"},{"key":"b100-1040469","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1089\/0897715041526249","article-title":"Classification and regression tree for prediction of outcome after severe head injury using simple clinical and laboratory variables","volume":"21","year":"2004"},{"key":"b101-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.56.4.0498","article-title":"Effect of intracranial pressure monitoring and aggressive treatment on mortality in severe head injury","volume":"56","year":"1982"},{"key":"b102-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"77","article-title":"Decompressive craniectomy following traumatic brain injury: ICP, CPP and neurological outcome","volume":"81","year":"2002"},{"key":"b103-1040469","series-title":"Arch Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.137.3.285","article-title":"Determinants of mortality in patients with severe blunt head injury","volume":"137","year":"2002"},{"key":"b104-1040469","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1996.13.17","article-title":"Thresholds for cerebral ischemia after severe head injury: relationship with late CT findings and outcome","volume":"13","year":"1996"},{"key":"b105-1040469","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100045960","article-title":"The University of Toronto head injury treatment study: a prospective, randomized comparison of pentobarbital and mannitol","volume":"11","year":"1984"},{"key":"b106-1040469","series-title":"The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews:","article-title":"Advanced trauma life support training for hospital staff.","year":"2003"},{"key":"b107-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"195","article-title":"Outcome of acute subdural haematoma following decompressive hemicraniectomy","volume":"28","year":"1979"},{"key":"b108-1040469","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.20.53","article-title":"A study on the indication of external decompressive hemicraniectomy for acute subdural hematomas","volume":"20","year":"1980"},{"key":"b109-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.2.0241","article-title":"Cerebral oxygenation following decompressive hemicraniectomy for the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension","volume":"101","year":"2004"},{"key":"b110-1040469","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810000410","article-title":"A randomized trial of very early decompressive craniectomy in children with traumatic brain injury and sustained intracranial hypertension","volume":"17","year":"2001"},{"key":"b111-1040469","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"111","article-title":"Challenges in translating the efficacy of neuroprotective agents in experimental models into knowledge of clinical benefits in head injured patients","volume":"73","year":"1999"},{"key":"b112-1040469","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.29.196","article-title":"Late infection after cranioplasty \u2014review of 14 cases","volume":"29","year":"1989"},{"key":"b113-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.3.0435","article-title":"Normobaric hyperoxia\u2014induced improvement in cerebral metabolism and reduction in intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury: a prospective historical cohort-matched study","volume":"101","year":"2004"},{"key":"b114-1040469","series-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2004.12.018","article-title":"Mechanism of osteoclast mediated bone resorption \u2014rationale for the design of new therapeutics","volume":"57","year":"2005"},{"key":"b115-1040469","series-title":"Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199809000-00029","article-title":"Relationship of brain tissue PO2 to outcome after severe head injury","volume":"26","year":"1998"},{"key":"b116-1040469","series-title":"Scand J Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548809035664","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis in craniotomy: a prospective double-blind placebocontrolled study","volume":"20","year":"1988"},{"key":"b117-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1975.42.4.0429","article-title":"Bifrontal decompressive craniectomy in the management of head trauma","volume":"42","year":"1975"},{"key":"b118-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.5.0815","article-title":"Impaired cerebral mitochondrial function after traumatic brain injury in humans","volume":"93","year":"2000"},{"key":"b119-1040469","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1089\/089771501750357591","article-title":"Evaluation of the traumatic coma data bank computed tomography classification for severe head injury","volume":"18","year":"2001"},{"key":"b120-1040469","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.62.3.0383","article-title":"Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury","volume":"62","year":"1985"},{"key":"b121-1040469","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690120105110","article-title":"Bifrontal decompressive craniectomy in the management of posttraumatic intracranial hypertension","volume":"15","year":"2001"},{"key":"b122-1040469","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.33.616","article-title":"Effects of decompressive craniectomy on regional cerebral blood flow in severe head trauma patients","volume":"33","year":"1993"},{"key":"b123-1040469","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.19.717","article-title":"Large decompressive craniectomy in management of severe cerebral contusion. A review of 207 cases","volume":"19","year":"1979"},{"key":"b124-1040469","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"289","article-title":"Brain oxygenation and energy metabolism: part I\u2014biological function and pathophysiology","volume":"51","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/104\/4\/article-p469.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/104\/4\/article-p469.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/104\/4\/article-p469.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T14:09:33Z","timestamp":1679839773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/104\/4\/article-p469.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2006.104.4.469","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.13982.471488","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-3085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}}}