{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T20:36:24Z","timestamp":1771706184524,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Neurostimulation to treat chronic pain includes approved and investigational therapies directed at the spinal cord, thalamus, periaqueductal or periventricular gray matter, motor cortex, and peripheral nerves. Persistent pain after surgery and work-related or neural injuries are common indications for such treatments. In light of the risks, efforts, costs, and expectations associated with neurostimulation therapies, a careful reexamination of the methods used to gather evidence for this treatment\u2019s long-term efficacy is in order.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors combed English-language publications to determine the nature of the evidence supporting the efficacy of neurostimulation therapies for chronic noncancer pain. To formulate recommendations for the design of future studies, the results of their analysis were compared with established guidelines for the evaluation of medical evidence.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Evidence supporting the efficacy of neurostimulation has been collected predominantly from retrospective series or from prospective studies whose design or methods of analysis make them subject to limited interpretation. To date, there has been no successful clinical study focused on establishing the efficacy of neurostimulation for pain and incorporating sufficient numbers of participants, matched control groups, sham stimulation, randomization, prospectively defined end points, and methods for controlling experimental bias. Currently available data provide little support for the common practices of psychological or pharmacological screening or trial stimulation to predict and\/or improve long-term results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings do not diminish the value of previous investigations or positive patient experiences and do not mean that the treatments are ineffective; rather, they reveal that new data are required to answer the questions raised in and by previous study data. Future analyses of emerging neurostimulation modalities for pain should, whenever feasible, require unambiguous diagnoses as an entry criterion and should involve the use of randomization, parallel control groups that receive sham stimulation, and blinding of patients, investigators, and device programmers. Given the chronicity of patient symptoms and stimulation therapies, efficacy should be studied for 1 year or longer after device implantation. Meticulous study methods are especially important to evaluate new therapies like motor cortex and occipital nerve stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.105.2.175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,24]],"date-time":"2008-01-24T12:37:17Z","timestamp":1201178237000},"page":"175-189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Neurostimulation for chronic noncancer pain: an evaluation of the clinical evidence and recommendations for future trial designs"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Coffey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thousand Oaks, California; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres M.","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thousand Oaks, California; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-1050175","series-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1053\/rapm.2003.50051","article-title":"Complex regional pain syndrome Type I after myocardial infarction treated with spinal cord stimulation","volume":"28","year":"2003"},{"key":"b2-1050175","series-title":"Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1053\/trap.2001.25285","article-title":"Recent advances in neurostimulation analgesia","volume":"5","year":"2001"},{"key":"b3-1050175","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200204000-00003","article-title":"New trends in neuromodulation for the management of neuropathic pain","volume":"50","year":"2002"},{"key":"b4-1050175","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"381","article-title":"Scientific program of the 1999 Annual Meeting of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. 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