{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:13:12Z","timestamp":1793189592847,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"abstract":"\n Object<\/jats:title>\n Exposing patients with ventricular shunts to magnetic fields and MR imaging procedures poses a significant risk of unintentional changes in shunt settings. Shunt valves can also generate considerable imaging artifacts. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnetic field safety and MR imaging compatibility of 5 adjustable models of hydrocephalus shunts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The Codman Hakim (regular and with SiphonGuard), Miethke ProGAV, Medtronic Strata, Sophysa Sophy and Polaris programmable valves were tested in a low-intensity magnetic field, and then translational attraction (TA), magnetic torque (MT), and volume of artifacts on T1-weighted spin echo (SE) and gradient echo (GE) pulse sequences in a 3-T MR imaging unit were measured.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The ProGAV and Polaris valves were immune to unintentional reprogramming by magnetic fields up to 3 T. Other valves randomly changed settings, starting from the intensity of field: Sophy valve 24 mT, Strata valve 30 mT, and both Codman Hakim programmable valves from 42 mT. Shunt performances in the 3-T MR imaging unit are reported in the order of compatibility: 1) Codman Hakim regular, TA = 0.005 N, MT = 0.000 Nm, GE = 30 cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n , SE = 2 cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ; 2) Miethke ProGAV, TA = 0.001 N, MT = 1.4 \u00d7 10\n \u22123<\/jats:sup>\n Nm, GE = 231 cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n , SE = 13 cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ; 3) Codman Hakim with SiphonGuard, TA = 0.005 N, MT = 2.3 \u00d7 10\n \u22123<\/jats:sup>\n Nm, GE = 233 cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n , SE = 19 cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ; 4) Medtronic Strata, TA = 0.27 N, MT = 18.0 \u00d7 10\n \u22123<\/jats:sup>\n Nm, GE = 484 cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n , SE = 86 cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ; 5) Sophysa Sophy, TA = 0.82 N, MT = 38.9 \u00d7 10\n \u22123<\/jats:sup>\n Nm, GE = 758 cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n , SE = 72 cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ; and 6) Sophysa Polaris, TA = 0.80 N, MT = 39.6 \u00d7 10\n \u22123<\/jats:sup>\n Nm, GE = 954 cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n , SE = 100 cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n All valves, with the exception of the Polaris and ProGAV models, are prone to unintentional reprogramming when exposed to heterogeneous magnetic fields stronger than 40 mT. All tested valves can be considered safe for 3-T MR imaging. All valves generated a distortion of the MR image, especially the GE sequences.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/ped\/2008\/2\/9\/222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,29]],"date-time":"2008-08-29T14:15:04Z","timestamp":1220019304000},"page":"222-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Magnetic field interactions in adjustable hydrocephalus shunts"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lavinio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences;"},{"name":"Institute of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floor","family":"Van Der Boogaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Czosnyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences;"},{"name":"United Kingdom Shunt Evaluation Laboratory,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Smielewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh K.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Pickard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences;"},{"name":"Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zofia H.","family":"Czosnyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences;"},{"name":"United Kingdom Shunt Evaluation Laboratory,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0020222","series-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8454-3-9","article-title":"In vitro hydrodynamic properties of the Miethke ProGAV hydrocephalus shunt","volume":"3","author":"Allin","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b2-0020222","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"222","article-title":"Adjustment and malfunction of a programmable valve after exposure to toy magnets. Case report","volume":"101","author":"Anderson","year":"2004"},{"key":"b3-0020222","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-002-0922-9","article-title":"Laboratory testing of hydrocephalus shunts\u2014conclusion of the U.K. Shunt evaluation programme","volume":"144","author":"Czosnyka","year":"2002"},{"issue":"Suppl 95","key":"b4-0020222","series-title":"Acta Neurochir","first-page":"223","article-title":"Evaluation of three new models of hydrocephalus shunts","author":"Czosnyka","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b5-0020222","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"163","article-title":"Effect of 3-tesla magnetic resonance imaging on various pressure programmable shunt valves","volume":"103","author":"Inoue","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6-0020222","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000134387.75251.47","article-title":"Effect of vagus nerve stimulator magnet on programmable shunt settings","volume":"55","author":"Jandial","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b7-0020222","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"95","article-title":"Experience with the Strata valve in the management of shunt over-drainage","volume":"106","author":"Kondageski","year":"2007"},{"key":"b8-0020222","series-title":"Eur J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2005.03.029","article-title":"Effect of 3T MRI on the function of shunt valves\u2014evaluation of Paedi GAV, Dual Switch and proGAV","volume":"56","author":"Lindner","year":"2005"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"b9-0020222","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"501","article-title":"Early programmable valve malfunctions in pediatric hydrocephalus","volume":"103","author":"Mangano","year":"2005"},{"key":"b10-0020222","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0226-0","article-title":"Adjustable vs set-pressure valves decrease the risk of proximal shunt obstruction in the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus","volume":"23","author":"McGirt","year":"2007"},{"key":"b11-0020222","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.96.2.0331","article-title":"Electromagnetic field hazards involving adjustable shunt valves in hydrocephalus","volume":"96","author":"Schneider","year":"2002"},{"key":"b12-0020222","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1307","article-title":"Programmable shunt-related suicide attempt","volume":"48","author":"Turner","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/2\/3\/article-p222.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/2\/3\/article-p222.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/2\/3\/article-p222.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T10:02:21Z","timestamp":1681552941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/2\/3\/article-p222.xml"}},"subtitle":["Laboratory investigation"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped\/2008\/2\/9\/222","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}}}