{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:24:07Z","timestamp":1791833047277,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"abstract":"\n \n Object<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n Spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality (SCIWORA) was defined in the era when magnetic resonance (MR) images were not popularly used as diagnostic tools. Although it is generally accepted that MR imaging can effectively illustrate the level and severity of spinal cord injury in the acute phase of trauma, only a few reports of MR imaging studies of SCIWORA have been published. The authors retrospectively reviewed nine preschool-aged patients with SCIWORA to study the correlation between MR imaging findings and the outcomes of neurological deficits, with an elimination of the bias for age.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Methods<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n Clinical manifestations, radiological images, surgical records, and MR imaging studies were reviewed. The pre- and postoperative neurological statuses of the patients were reappraised using American Spinal Injury Association scores and Nurick grades. Nonparametric tests were used to analyze the correlations among the variables of patient characteristics, MR imaging appearances of the injured spinal cord, and neurological outcome.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n Among the patients with SCIWORA younger than 8 years old, the different patterns of the injured spinal cords could be identified using MR imaging as transection, contusive hemorrhage, traumatic edema, and concussion. The MR imaging patterns of SCIWORA had significant prognostic correlations with the neurological outcomes of these patients; that is, a normal spinal cord appearance was prognostic of a complete recovery of neurological deficits, and intramedullary lesions correlated with permanent deficits with functional disability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2005.103.1.0017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,27]],"date-time":"2010-08-27T06:01:30Z","timestamp":1282888890000},"page":"17-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality in preschool-aged children: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging findings with neurological outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Cheng-Chih","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai-Ngar","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Rong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Cheng","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin-Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","first-page":"1917","article-title":"Pediatric spine","volume":"3","author":"Armstrong","year":"1999"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1148\/59.5.712","article-title":"The normal cervical spine in infants and children.","volume":"59","author":"Bailey","year":"1952"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198809010-00007","article-title":"MR imaging in acute cervical spine trauma.","volume":"12","author":"Beers","year":"1988"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200212150-00009","article-title":"Pediatric spinal cord injury without radiographic abnomality (SCIWORA): the absence of occult instability and lack of indication for bracing.","volume":"27","author":"Bosch","year":"2002"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg (Spine 1)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2002.97.1.0033","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging correlation in pediatric spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality.","volume":"97","author":"Dare","year":"2002"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Spinal Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199109000-00006","article-title":"Pediatric spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities: report of 26 cases and review of the literature.","volume":"4","author":"Dickman","year":"1991"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.177.1.2399326","article-title":"Acute cervical spine trauma: correlation of MR imaging findings with degree of neurologic deficit.","volume":"177","author":"Flanders","year":"1990"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199409000-00007","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children.","volume":"35","author":"Grabb","year":"1994"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.1.0018","article-title":"Pediatric spinal trauma. Review of 122 cases of spinal cord and vertebral column injuries.","volume":"68","author":"Hadley","year":"1988"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.5.0700","article-title":"Pediataric spinal injury: review of 174 hospital admissions.","volume":"77","author":"Hamilton","year":"1992"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","first-page":"1379","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Lakhanpal","year":"1999"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"47","article-title":"Birth injuries of the spinal cord.","volume":"56","author":"Leventhal","year":"1960"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.907","article-title":"Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: result of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis.","volume":"46","author":"Lublin","year":"1996"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Surg Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(90)90049-U","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cord injury without radiologic abnormality.","volume":"33","author":"Matsumura","year":"1990"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Spinal Cord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100432","article-title":"International standards for neurological and functional classification of spinal cord injury. American Spinal Injury Association.","volume":"35","author":"Maynard","year":"1997"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1992.tb05487.x","article-title":"Spontaneous thoracolumbar spinal cord infarction: report of six cases.","volume":"86","author":"Monteiro","year":"1992"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Brain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/95.1.87","article-title":"The pathogenesis of the spinal cord disorder associated with cervical spondylosis.","volume":"95","author":"Nurick","year":"1972"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199203000-00012","article-title":"Pediatric spinal cord and vertebral column injury.","volume":"30","author":"Osenbach","year":"1992"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J 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