{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:12:08Z","timestamp":1792649528824,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"abstract":"\n \n Object<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n The authors examine the use of rapid-sequence magnetic resonance (rsMR) imaging to make the diagnosis of malfunctioning and\/or infected shunts in patients with hydrocephalus. Computerized tomography (CT) scanning is usually used in this context because it rapidly acquires high-quality images, yet it exposes pediatric patients to particularly high levels of radiation. Standard MR imaging requires longer image acquisition time, is associated with movement artifact, and, in children, usually requires sedation. Standard MR imaging provides greater structural resolution, yet visualization of ventricular catheters is relatively poor.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Methods<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n The authors analyzed a series of 67 rsMR imaging examinations performed without sedation in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus whose mean age was 4 years at the time of the examination. The mean study duration was 22 minutes. Catheter visualization was good or excellent in more than 75% of studies reviewed, and image quality was good or excellent in more than 60% of studies reviewed. The authors analyzed cancer risk with a model used for atomic bomb survivors. Fifty percent of their patients with hydrocephalus had undergone more than four brain imaging studies (CT or MR imaging) in their lifetimes. For the many patients who had undergone more than 15 studies, the total estimated lifetime attributable cancer mortality risk was calculated to be at least 0.35%.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n Rapid-sequence MR imaging yields reliable visualization of the ventricular catheter and offers superior anatomical detail while limiting radiation exposure. The authors' protocol is rapid and each image is acquired separately; therefore, motion artifact is reduced and the need for sedation is eliminated. They recommend the use of rsMR imaging for nonemergent evaluation of pediatric hydrocephalus.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2005.103.2.0124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,27]],"date-time":"2010-08-27T06:00:46Z","timestamp":1282888846000},"page":"124-130","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Use of rapid-sequence magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of hydrocephalus in children"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"William W.","family":"Ashley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"McKinstry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Smyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Sung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Magn Reson Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(99)00140-X","article-title":"Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging of the brain.","volume":"18","author":"Ba-Ssalamaha","year":"2000"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Pediatr Radiol","first-page":"721","article-title":"Editorial comment on Roebuck DJ: \u201cRisk and benefit in paediatric radiology.\u201d","volume":"29","author":"Berdon","year":"1999"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.2.1760289","article-title":"Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT.","volume":"176","author":"Brenner","year":"2001"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Pediatr Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-002-0671-1","article-title":"Estimating cancer risks from pediatric CT: going from the qualitative to the quantitative.","volume":"32","author":"Brenner","year":"2002"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Pediatr Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01372107","article-title":"Fast spin-echo MR imaging of the pediatric brain.","volume":"26","author":"Engelbrecht","year":"1996"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"794","article-title":"Brain imaging in the unsedated pediatric patient: comparison of periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction and single-shot fast spin-echo sequences.","volume":"24","author":"Forbes","year":"2003"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.951","article-title":"Computed tomography and radiation risks: what pediatric health care providers should know.","volume":"112","author":"Frush","year":"2003"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Neuroradiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340100622","article-title":"Comparison between EPI and HASTE for ultrafast MR imaging of the human brain.","volume":"43","author":"Ge","year":"2001"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Pediatr Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-002-0774-8","article-title":"Lessons we have learned from our children: cancer risks from diagnostic radiology.","volume":"32","author":"Hall","year":"2002"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.203.2.9114097","article-title":"An approach for the estimation of effective radiation dose at CT in pediatric patients.","volume":"203","author":"Huda","year":"1997"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg (Pediatrics 2)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2004.101.2.0147","article-title":"The use of quick-brain magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of shunt-treated hydrocephalus.","volume":"101","author":"Iskandar","year":"2004"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Br J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.75.898.750819","article-title":"Influence of patient age on normalized effective doses calculated for CT examinations.","volume":"75","author":"Khursheed","year":"2002"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Radiol Prot","first-page":"353","article-title":"CT scanning: patterns of use and dose.","volume":"20","author":"Mettler","year":"2002"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.179.2.1790509","article-title":"MR imaging of the brain in pediatric patients: diagnostic value of HASTE sequences","volume":"179","author":"Penzkofer","year":"2002"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Radiat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3579391","article-title":"Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part 1. Cancer: 1950\u20131990.","volume":"146","author":"Pierce","year":"1996"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.210.3.r99mr05645","article-title":"Radiation effective doses to patients undergoing abdominal CT examinations.","volume":"210","author":"Ware","year":"1999"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Magn Reson Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(99)00140-X","article-title":"Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging of the brain.","volume":"18","author":"Ba-Ssalamaha","year":"2000"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Pediatr Radiol","first-page":"721","article-title":"Editorial comment on Roebuck DJ: \u201cRisk and benefit in paediatric radiology.\u201d","volume":"29","author":"Berdon","year":"1999"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.2.1760289","article-title":"Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT.","volume":"176","author":"Brenner","year":"2001"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Pediatr Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-002-0671-1","article-title":"Estimating cancer risks from pediatric CT: going from the qualitative to the quantitative.","volume":"32","author":"Brenner","year":"2002"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Pediatr Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01372107","article-title":"Fast spin-echo MR imaging of the pediatric brain.","volume":"26","author":"Engelbrecht","year":"1996"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"794","article-title":"Brain imaging in the unsedated pediatric patient: comparison of periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction and single-shot fast spin-echo sequences.","volume":"24","author":"Forbes","year":"2003"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.951","article-title":"Computed tomography and radiation risks: what pediatric health care providers should know.","volume":"112","author":"Frush","year":"2003"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Neuroradiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340100622","article-title":"Comparison between EPI and HASTE for ultrafast MR imaging of the human brain.","volume":"43","author":"Ge","year":"2001"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Pediatr Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-002-0774-8","article-title":"Lessons we have learned from our children: cancer risks from diagnostic radiology.","volume":"32","author":"Hall","year":"2002"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.203.2.9114097","article-title":"An approach for the estimation of effective radiation dose at CT in pediatric patients.","volume":"203","author":"Huda","year":"1997"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg (Pediatrics 2)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2004.101.2.0147","article-title":"The use of quick-brain magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of shunt-treated hydrocephalus.","volume":"101","author":"Iskandar","year":"2004"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Br J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.75.898.750819","article-title":"Influence of patient age on normalized effective doses calculated for CT examinations.","volume":"75","author":"Khursheed","year":"2002"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Radiol Prot","first-page":"353","article-title":"CT scanning: patterns of use and dose.","volume":"20","author":"Mettler","year":"2002"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.179.2.1790509","article-title":"MR imaging of the brain in pediatric patients: diagnostic value of HASTE sequences","volume":"179","author":"Penzkofer","year":"2002"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Radiat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3579391","article-title":"Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part 1. Cancer: 1950\u20131990.","volume":"146","author":"Pierce","year":"1996"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.210.3.r99mr05645","article-title":"Radiation effective doses to patients undergoing abdominal CT examinations.","volume":"210","author":"Ware","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/103\/2\/article-p124.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/103\/2\/article-p124.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/103\/2\/article-p124.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T10:19:55Z","timestamp":1782209995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/103\/2\/article-p124.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/ped.2005.103.2.0124","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}}}