{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T17:47:29Z","timestamp":1785520049451,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"abstract":"\n \n Object<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n The authors report on indications for, techniques of, and results of stereoelectroencephalography (stereo-EEG) monitoring in the presurgical evaluation of childhood drug-resistant focal epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Methods<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n Thirty-five children (24 boys and 11 girls; mean age 8.8 \u00b1 3.9 years; mean age at seizure onset 2.1 \u00b1 2.2 years) underwent 37 tailored stereotactic placements of intracerebral, multilead electrodes for intensive monitoring of seizures (stereo-EEG). Two children underwent exploration twice. Investigations prior to stereo-EEG monitoring, including magnetic resonance imaging and video-EEG of the scalp, revealed variable patterns of localizing incoherence among clinical, electrophysiological, and anatomical findings in all cases. A total of 426 electrodes were implanted (mean 11.5 \u00b1 2.6 per procedure) according to individualized arrangements.<\/jats:p>\n The stereo-EEG monitoring enabled recording of 826 seizures (mean 22 \u00b1 45 per procedure) and mapping of critically functional areas. One untoward event consisted of intracranial breakage of an electrode. Resections of the epileptogenic zone were performed according to results of stereo-EEG recordings. They consisted of cortical removal in seven cases, removal of the lesion and epileptogenic cortex in 26 cases, and lesion removal in two cases. Transient postoperative neurological deficits were observed in 13 patients, and permanent anticipated visual field defects occurred in seven patients. According to the Engel postoperative classification of seizure outcome, 60% of cases were in Class I, 74% had significant improvement (Classes I\u2013III), and 26% were unchanged (mean follow up 31.9 \u00b1 20.6 months).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n Stereoelectroencephalography monitoring is a helpful and well-tolerated technique for the definition of the epileptogenic zone in complex cases of childhood drug-resistant epilepsy. It provides essential information for safe resections that should result in excellent outcomes in a considerable number of patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2005.103.4.0333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,27]],"date-time":"2010-08-27T06:02:54Z","timestamp":1282888974000},"page":"333-343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Stereoelectroencephalography in the presurgical evaluation of children with drug-resistant focal epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Massimo","family":"Cossu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Cardinale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lino","family":"Nobili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Sartori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Lo Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"174","article-title":"Use of subdural grids and strip electrodes to identify a seizure focus in children.","volume":"22","author":"Adelson","year":"1995"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"425","article-title":"Quantitative interictal subdural EEG analyses in children with neocortical epilepsy.","volume":"44","author":"Asano","year":"2003"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"La St\u00e9r\u00e9o-\u00c9lectroenc\u00e9phalographie dans L'\u00c9pilepsie. Informations Neurophysiopathologiques Apport\u00e9es par L'Investigation Fonctionelle St\u00e9reotaxique.","year":"1965"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"113","article-title":"Epidural peg electrodes for the presurgical evaluation of intractable epilepsy.","volume":"27","author":"Barnett","year":"1990"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"142","article-title":"Resective surgery in infants and young children with intractable epilepsy.","volume":"9","author":"Bittar","year":"2002"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"191","article-title":"The pathological basis of temporal lobe epilepsy in childhood.","volume":"60","author":"Bocti","year":"2003"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"253","article-title":"Plasticity in the adult and neonatal central nervous system.","volume":"4","author":"Bower","year":"1990"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"724","article-title":"Surgical technique for the insertion of grids and strips for invasive monitoring in children with intractable epilepsy.","volume":"16","author":"Bruce","year":"2000"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"1733","article-title":"Stereoelectroencephalography in focal cortical dysplasia. A 3D approach to delineating the dysplastic cortex.","volume":"123","author":"Chassoux","year":"2000"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"65","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery in childhood.","volume":"43","author":"Cross","year":"2002"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"545","article-title":"Dysembrioblastic neuroepithelial tumor: a surgically curable tumor of young patients with intractable partial seizures. Report of thirty-nine cases.","volume":"23","author":"Daumas-Duport","year":"1988"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"737","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery in the first three years of life.","volume":"39","author":"Duchowny","year":"1998"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies.","first-page":"609","article-title":"Outcome with respect to epileptic seizures","author":"Engel","year":"1993"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"922","article-title":"Safety of intrahippocampal depth electrodes for presurgical evaluation of patients with intractable epilepsy.","volume":"38","author":"Fernandez","year":"1997"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Surgery for drug resistant partial epilepsy in children with focal cortical dysplasia: anatomical\u2014clinical correlations and neurophysiological data in 10 patients.","volume":"74","author":"Francione","year":"2003"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"45","article-title":"Predictors of outcome following cortical resection in pediatric and adolescent patients with medically refractory epilepsy.","volume":"15","author":"Gashlan","year":"1999"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"951","article-title":"The seizures of frontal lobe epilepsy. A study of clinical manifestations.","volume":"27","author":"Geier","year":"1977"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"457","article-title":"Surgical management of epilepsy using epidural recordings to localize the seizure focus. Review of 100 cases.","volume":"60","author":"Goldring","year":"1984"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"S13","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery in children: when, why and how.","volume":"58","author":"Holmes","year":"2002"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J Child Neurol","first-page":"61","article-title":"Subdural monitoring in the evaluation of children for epilepsy surgery.","volume":"9","author":"Jayakar","year":"1994"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"851","article-title":"The preoperative assessment in the planning of surgical management of medically refractory epilepsy in the pediatric patient.","volume":"16","author":"Keene","year":"2000"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"445","article-title":"Intractable epilepsy associated with brain tumors in children: surgical modality and outcome.","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2001"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"278","article-title":"Pediatric intractable epilepsy: the role of presurgical evaluation and seizure outcome.","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2000"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Neuropediatrics","first-page":"21","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery in children with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD): results of long-term seizure outcome.","volume":"33","author":"Kloss","year":"2002"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"95","article-title":"Postsurgical outcome of children and adolescents with medically refractory frontal lobe epilepsies.","volume":"17","author":"Kral","year":"2001"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"297","article-title":"Intracranial EEG seizure-onset patterns in neocortical epilepsy.","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2000"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"311","article-title":"Lobar and multilobar resections for medically intractable pediatric epilepsy.","volume":"34","author":"Leiphart","year":"2001"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"872","article-title":"Cognitive side effects of antiepileptic drugs in children.","volume":"62","author":"Loring","year":"2004"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"627","article-title":"Magnetoencephalographic localization in pediatric epilepsy surgery: comparison with invasive intracranial electroencephalography.","volume":"46","author":"Minassian","year":"1999"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand (Suppl)","first-page":"56","article-title":"Stereo-electro-encephalography methodology: advantages and limits.","volume":"152","author":"Munari","year":"1994"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"149","article-title":"Presurgical strategies and epilepsy surgery in children: comparison of literature and personal experiences.","volume":"15","author":"Munari","year":"1999"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"S18","article-title":"Clinical ictal symptomatology and anatomical lesions: their relationships in severe partial epilepsy.","volume":"41","author":"Munari","year":"2000"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Complications of invasive subdural grid monitoring in children with epilepsy.","volume":"98","author":"\u00d6nal","year":"2003"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"S41","article-title":"Surgical outcome of epilepsy patients evaluated with a noninvasive protocol.","volume":"41","author":"Ozkara","year":"2000"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"642","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in pediatric epilepsy surgery.","volume":"54","author":"Paolicchi","year":"2000"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"842","article-title":"Extratemporal epilepsy in children: candidate selection and surgical treatment.","volume":"16","author":"Pomata","year":"2000"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl","first-page":"165","article-title":"Localization of epileptic foci.","volume":"37","author":"Quesney","year":"1985"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"73","article-title":"Subdural electrodes for seizure focus localization.","volume":"19","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"1986"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"883","article-title":"Medically intractable, localization-related epilepsy with normal MRI: presurgical evaluation and surgical outcome in 43 patients.","volume":"42","author":"Siegel","year":"2001"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Acta Neurochir","first-page":"183","article-title":"Stereo-electroencephalographic exploration and Epilepsia partialis continua.","volume":"23","author":"Siegfried","year":"1976"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"47","article-title":"Complications of invasive monitoring used in intractable pediatric epilepsy.","volume":"38","author":"Simon","year":"2003"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Brain Dev","first-page":"199","article-title":"Surgical treatment of medically refractory epilepsy in childhood.","volume":"23","author":"Snead","year":"2001"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"1719","article-title":"Focal cortical dysplasia: neuropathological subtypes, EEG, neuroimaging and surgical outcome.","volume":"125","author":"Tassi","year":"2002"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"838","article-title":"Analysis of foramen ovale electroderecorded seizures and correlation with outcome following amygdalohippocampectomy.","volume":"32","author":"Wieser","year":"1991"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Pediatric Neuropsychology: Research, Theory, and Practice.","first-page":"47","article-title":"Epilepsy","author":"Williams","year":"1999"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","first-page":"179","article-title":"Surgical treatment of epilepsy in children.","volume":"19","author":"Wyllie","year":"1998"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"740","article-title":"Seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery in children and adolescents.","volume":"44","author":"Wyllie","year":"1998"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"625","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery in infants.","volume":"47","author":"Wyllie","year":"1996"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"174","article-title":"Use of subdural grids and strip electrodes to identify a seizure focus in children.","volume":"22","author":"Adelson","year":"1995"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"425","article-title":"Quantitative interictal subdural EEG analyses in children with neocortical epilepsy.","volume":"44","author":"Asano","year":"2003"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"La St\u00e9r\u00e9o-\u00c9lectroenc\u00e9phalographie dans L'\u00c9pilepsie. Informations Neurophysiopathologiques Apport\u00e9es par L'Investigation Fonctionelle St\u00e9reotaxique.","year":"1965"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"113","article-title":"Epidural peg electrodes for the presurgical evaluation of intractable epilepsy.","volume":"27","author":"Barnett","year":"1990"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"142","article-title":"Resective surgery in infants and young children with intractable epilepsy.","volume":"9","author":"Bittar","year":"2002"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"191","article-title":"The pathological basis of temporal lobe epilepsy in childhood.","volume":"60","author":"Bocti","year":"2003"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"253","article-title":"Plasticity in the adult and neonatal central nervous system.","volume":"4","author":"Bower","year":"1990"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"724","article-title":"Surgical technique for the insertion of grids and strips for invasive monitoring in children with intractable epilepsy.","volume":"16","author":"Bruce","year":"2000"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"1733","article-title":"Stereoelectroencephalography in focal cortical dysplasia. A 3D approach to delineating the dysplastic cortex.","volume":"123","author":"Chassoux","year":"2000"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"65","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery in childhood.","volume":"43","author":"Cross","year":"2002"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"545","article-title":"Dysembrioblastic neuroepithelial tumor: a surgically curable tumor of young patients with intractable partial seizures. Report of thirty-nine cases.","volume":"23","author":"Daumas-Duport","year":"1988"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"737","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery in the first three years of life.","volume":"39","author":"Duchowny","year":"1998"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies.","first-page":"609","article-title":"Outcome with respect to epileptic seizures","author":"Engel","year":"1993"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"922","article-title":"Safety of intrahippocampal depth electrodes for presurgical evaluation of patients with intractable epilepsy.","volume":"38","author":"Fernandez","year":"1997"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Surgery for drug resistant partial epilepsy in children with focal cortical dysplasia: anatomical\u2014clinical correlations and neurophysiological data in 10 patients.","volume":"74","author":"Francione","year":"2003"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"45","article-title":"Predictors of outcome following cortical resection in pediatric and adolescent patients with medically refractory epilepsy.","volume":"15","author":"Gashlan","year":"1999"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"951","article-title":"The seizures of frontal lobe epilepsy. A study of clinical manifestations.","volume":"27","author":"Geier","year":"1977"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"457","article-title":"Surgical management of epilepsy using epidural recordings to localize the seizure focus. Review of 100 cases.","volume":"60","author":"Goldring","year":"1984"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"S13","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery in children: when, why and how.","volume":"58","author":"Holmes","year":"2002"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J Child Neurol","first-page":"61","article-title":"Subdural monitoring in the evaluation of children for epilepsy surgery.","volume":"9","author":"Jayakar","year":"1994"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"851","article-title":"The preoperative assessment in the planning of surgical management of medically refractory epilepsy in the pediatric patient.","volume":"16","author":"Keene","year":"2000"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"445","article-title":"Intractable epilepsy associated with brain tumors in children: surgical modality and outcome.","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2001"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"278","article-title":"Pediatric intractable epilepsy: the role of presurgical evaluation and seizure outcome.","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2000"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Neuropediatrics","first-page":"21","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery in children with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD): results of long-term seizure outcome.","volume":"33","author":"Kloss","year":"2002"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"95","article-title":"Postsurgical outcome of children and adolescents with medically refractory frontal lobe epilepsies.","volume":"17","author":"Kral","year":"2001"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"297","article-title":"Intracranial EEG seizure-onset patterns in neocortical epilepsy.","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2000"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"311","article-title":"Lobar and multilobar resections for medically intractable pediatric epilepsy.","volume":"34","author":"Leiphart","year":"2001"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"872","article-title":"Cognitive side effects of antiepileptic drugs in children.","volume":"62","author":"Loring","year":"2004"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"627","article-title":"Magnetoencephalographic localization in pediatric epilepsy surgery: comparison with invasive intracranial electroencephalography.","volume":"46","author":"Minassian","year":"1999"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand (Suppl)","first-page":"56","article-title":"Stereo-electro-encephalography methodology: advantages and limits.","volume":"152","author":"Munari","year":"1994"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"149","article-title":"Presurgical strategies and epilepsy surgery in children: comparison of literature and personal experiences.","volume":"15","author":"Munari","year":"1999"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"S18","article-title":"Clinical ictal symptomatology and anatomical lesions: their relationships in severe partial epilepsy.","volume":"41","author":"Munari","year":"2000"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Complications of invasive subdural grid monitoring in children with epilepsy.","volume":"98","author":"\u00d6nal","year":"2003"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"S41","article-title":"Surgical outcome of epilepsy patients evaluated with a noninvasive protocol.","volume":"41","author":"Ozkara","year":"2000"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"642","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in pediatric epilepsy surgery.","volume":"54","author":"Paolicchi","year":"2000"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"842","article-title":"Extratemporal epilepsy in children: candidate selection and surgical treatment.","volume":"16","author":"Pomata","year":"2000"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl","first-page":"165","article-title":"Localization of epileptic foci.","volume":"37","author":"Quesney","year":"1985"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"73","article-title":"Subdural electrodes for seizure focus localization.","volume":"19","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"1986"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"883","article-title":"Medically intractable, localization-related epilepsy with normal MRI: presurgical evaluation and surgical outcome in 43 patients.","volume":"42","author":"Siegel","year":"2001"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Acta Neurochir","first-page":"183","article-title":"Stereo-electroencephalographic exploration and Epilepsia partialis continua.","volume":"23","author":"Siegfried","year":"1976"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"47","article-title":"Complications of invasive monitoring used in intractable pediatric epilepsy.","volume":"38","author":"Simon","year":"2003"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Brain Dev","first-page":"199","article-title":"Surgical treatment of medically refractory epilepsy in childhood.","volume":"23","author":"Snead","year":"2001"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"1719","article-title":"Focal cortical dysplasia: neuropathological subtypes, EEG, neuroimaging and surgical outcome.","volume":"125","author":"Tassi","year":"2002"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"838","article-title":"Analysis of foramen ovale electroderecorded seizures and correlation with outcome following amygdalohippocampectomy.","volume":"32","author":"Wieser","year":"1991"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Pediatric Neuropsychology: Research, Theory, and Practice.","first-page":"47","article-title":"Epilepsy","author":"Williams","year":"1999"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","first-page":"179","article-title":"Surgical treatment of epilepsy in children.","volume":"19","author":"Wyllie","year":"1998"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"740","article-title":"Seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery in children and adolescents.","volume":"44","author":"Wyllie","year":"1998"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"625","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery in infants.","volume":"47","author":"Wyllie","year":"1996"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: 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