{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T11:43:51Z","timestamp":1792755831031,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S1\">\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic>Object<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this prospective study was to determine whether, and in which patients, the outcome for bilateral choroid plexus cauterization (CPC) in combination with endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) was superior to ETV alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2\">\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 710 children underwent ventriculoscopy as candidates for ETV as the primary treatment for hydrocephalus. The ETV was accomplished in 550 children: 266 underwent a combined ETV\u2014CPC procedure and 284 underwent ETV alone. The mean and median ages were 14 and 5 months, respectively, and 443 patients (81%) were younger than 1 year of age. The hydrocephalus was postinfectious (PIH) in 320 patients (58%), nonpostinfectious (NPIH) in 152 (28%), posthemorrhagic in five (1%), and associated with myelomeningocele in 73 (13%). The mean follow up was 19 months for ETV and 9.2 months for ETV\u2014CPC. Overall, the success rate of ETV\u2014CPC (66%) was superior to that of ETV alone (47%) among infants younger than 1 year of age (p &lt; 0.0001). The ETV\u2014CPC combined procedure was superior in patients with a myelomeningocele (76% compared with 35% success, p = 0.0045) and those with NPIH (70% compared with 38% success, p = 0.0025). Although the difference was not significant for PIH (62% compared with 52% success, p = 0.1607), a benefit was not ruled out (power = 0.3). For patients at least 1 year of age, there was no difference between the two procedures (80% success for each, p = 1.0000). The overall surgical mortality rate was 1.3%, and the infection rate was less than 1%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S3\">\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ETV\u2014CPC was more successful than ETV alone in infants younger than 1 year of age. In developing countries in which a dependence on shunts is dangerous, ETV\u2014CPC may be the best option for treating hydrocephalus in infants, particularly for those with NPIH and myelomeningocele.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2005.103.6.0475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,27]],"date-time":"2010-08-27T06:02:16Z","timestamp":1282888936000},"page":"475-481","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Comparison of endoscopic third ventriculostomy alone and combined with choroid plexus cauterization in infants younger than 1 year of age: a prospective study in 550 African children"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Benjamin C.","family":"Warf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Childs Brain","first-page":"134","article-title":"Percutaneous choroid plexus coagulation in hydroanencephaly.","volume":"8","author":"Albright","year":"1981"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000028693","article-title":"Neuroendoscopic third ventriculostomy in patients less than 1 year old.","volume":"29","author":"Buxton","year":"1998"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.90.3.0448","article-title":"Failure of third ventriculostomy in the treatment of aqueductal stenosis in children.","volume":"90","author":"Cinalli","year":"1999"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Pediatric Neurosurgery","first-page":"241","article-title":"Early management of myelomeningocele","author":"Cohen","year":"2001"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000121242","article-title":"Treatment of hydrocephalus with third ventriculocisternostomy: outcome and CSF flow patterns.","volume":"27","author":"Goumnerova","year":"1997"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"1","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus.","volume":"28","author":"Hellwig","year":"2005"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199904000-00062","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy: outcome analysis of 100 consecutive procedures.","volume":"44","author":"Hopf","year":"1999"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000068053","article-title":"Extraventricular intracisternal obstructive hydrocephalus\u2014a hypothesis to explain successful 3rd ventriculostomy in communicating hydrocephalus.","volume":"38","author":"Kehler","year":"2003"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"130","article-title":"Assessing the validity of the endoscopic shunt insertion trial: did surgical experience affect the results?","volume":"101","author":"Klimo","year":"2004"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000028836","article-title":"Measurement of ventricular size: reliability of the frontal and occipital horn ratio compared to subjective assessment.","volume":"31","author":"Kulkarni","year":"1999"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00270903","article-title":"Choroid plexectomy for the treatment of chronic infected hydrocephalus.","volume":"4","author":"Lapras","year":"1988"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1126\/science.173.3994.330","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid production by the choroid plexus and brain.","volume":"173","author":"Milhorat","year":"1971"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-004-0936-0","article-title":"Endoscopic coagulation of choroid plexus as treatment for hydrocephalus: indication and surgical technique.","volume":"20","author":"Morota","year":"2004"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199504000-00009","article-title":"The role of endoscopic choroid plexus coagulation in the management of hydrocephalus.","volume":"36","author":"Pople","year":"1995"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1970.33.1.0001","article-title":"The treatment of nonobstructive (communicating) hydrocephalus by endoscopic cauterization of the choroid plexuses.","volume":"33","author":"Scarff","year":"1970"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000121098","article-title":"Management of hydrocephalus by endoscopic third ventriculostomy in patients with myelomeningocele.","volume":"25","author":"Teo","year":"1996"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"358","article-title":"Comparison of 1-year outcomes for the Chhabra and Codman-Hakim Micro Precision shunt systems in Uganda: a prospective study in 195 children.","volume":"102","author":"Warf","year":"2005"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in Uganda: the predominance of infectious origins and primary management with endoscopic third ventriculostomy.","volume":"102","author":"Warf","year":"2005"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000048370","article-title":"Choroid plexectomy reduces neurosurgical intervention in patients with 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