{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:04:34Z","timestamp":1790651074693,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SPI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Although the gross anatomy of the pedicle in the human spine has been investigated in great detail, knowledge of the microanatomy of trabecular and cortical structures of the pedicle is limited. An understanding of the mechanical properties and structure of the pedicle bone is essential for improving the quality of pedicle screw placement. To enhance this understanding, the authors examined human cadaveric lumbar vertebrae.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this study, the authors obtained seven human cadaveric lumbar vertebrae. The lateral and medial cortices of these pedicle specimens were sectioned and embedded in polymethylmethacrylate. Cross-sectional slices of cortex were obtained from each specimen and imaged with the aid of a high-resolution light microscope. Assessments of osteonal orientation, determinations of relative dimensions, and histomorphometric studies were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The cortex of the pedicle in each human lumbar vertebra had an osteonal structure with haversian canals laid down mainly in the anteroposterior (longitudinal) direction. The organization of osteons across the transverse cross-section was not homogeneous. The layer of lamellar bone that typically envelops cortical bone structures (such as in long bones) was not observed, and the lateral cortex was significantly thinner than the medial cortex (p&lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The cortical bone surrounding the pedicle differed from bone in other anatomical regions such as the anterior vertebral body and femur. The osteonal orientation and lack of a lamellar sheath may account for the unique deformation characteristics of the pedicle cortex seen during pedicle screw placement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/spi-07\/09\/347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,24]],"date-time":"2008-01-24T12:23:52Z","timestamp":1201177432000},"page":"347-351","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cortex of the pedicle of the vertebral arch. Part II: microstructure"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Serkan","family":"\u0130nceo\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Research Laboratory,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cumhur","family":"Kilin\u00e7er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School of Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Mechanics and Materials Laboratories, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"McLain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lerner College of Medicine;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0070347","series-title":"J Biomech Eng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2796022","article-title":"Factors affecting the pullout strength of cancellous bone screws","volume":"118","author":"Chapman","year":"1996"},{"key":"b2-0070347","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199311000-00015","article-title":"Complications associated with the technique of pedicle screw fixation. A selected survey of ABS members","volume":"18","author":"Esses","year":"1993"},{"key":"b3-0070347","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000168373.24644.9f","article-title":"Trabecular architecture of lumbar vertebral pedicle","volume":"30","author":"Inceoglu","year":"2005"},{"key":"b4-0070347","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"341","article-title":"Cortex of the pedicle of the vertebral arch. Part I: deformation characteristics during screw insertion","volume":"6","author":"Inceoglu","year":"2007"},{"key":"b5-0070347","article-title":"Deformation characteristics of lumbar pedicle during screw insertion","author":"Inceoglu","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6-0070347","series-title":"Bone","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00234-2","article-title":"In vivo tracer transport through the lacunocanalicular system of rat bone in an environment devoid of mechanical loading","volume":"22","author":"Knothe Tate","year":"1998"},{"key":"b7-0070347","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199602010-00002","article-title":"Internal architecture of the thoracic pedicle. An anatomic study","volume":"21","author":"Kothe","year":"1996"},{"key":"b8-0070347","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"75","article-title":"An internal fixator for posterior application to short segments of the thoracic, lumbar, or lumbosacral spine. Design and testing","volume":"203","author":"Krag","year":"1986"},{"key":"b9-0070347","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199702010-00003","article-title":"The effect of pedicle morphometry on pedicle screw loading. A synthetic model","volume":"22","author":"McKinley","year":"1997"},{"key":"b10-0070347","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200211150-00009","article-title":"Pedicle morphometry in the upper thoracic spine: limits to safe screw placement in older patients","volume":"27","author":"McLain","year":"2002"},{"key":"b11-0070347","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199707010-00006","article-title":"The effect of bone quality on pedicle screw loading in axial instability. A synthetic model","volume":"22","author":"McLain","year":"1997"},{"key":"b12-0070347","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200403000-00004","article-title":"Intraoperative fracture of the femur in revision total hip arthroplasty with a diaphyseal fitting stem","volume":"86","author":"Meek","year":"2004"},{"key":"b13-0070347","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198904000-00004","article-title":"Anatomic analysis of pedicle cortical and cancellous diameter as related to screw size","volume":"14","author":"Misenhimer","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b14-0070347","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01673420","article-title":"Vertebral structure and strength in vivo and in vitro","volume":"53","author":"Mosekilde","year":"1993"},{"key":"b15-0070347","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199412150-00007","article-title":"Complications after transpedicular stabilization of the spine. A survivorship analysis of 163 cases","volume":"19","author":"Ohlin","year":"1994"},{"key":"b16-0070347","series-title":"J Biomed Mater Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199902)44:2<191::AID-JBM9>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Mechanical and morphological variation of the human lumbar vertebral cortical and trabecular bone","volume":"44","author":"Roy","year":"1999"},{"key":"b17-0070347","series-title":"Presse Med","first-page":"1447","article-title":"[Osteosynthesis of dorsal, lumbar, and lumbosacral spine with metallic plates screwed into vertebral pedicles and articular apophyses.]","volume":"78","author":"Roy-Camille","year":"1970"},{"key":"b18-0070347","series-title":"Orthop Clin North Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30425-9","article-title":"Plating of thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar injuries with pedicle screw plates","volume":"17","author":"Roy-Camille","year":"1986"},{"key":"b19-0070347","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198810000-00002","article-title":"Vertebral body and posterior element morphology: the normal spine in middle life","volume":"13","author":"Scoles","year":"1988"},{"key":"b20-0070347","series-title":"Bone","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(94)90817-6","article-title":"Direct and computed tomography thickness measurements of the human, lumbar vertebral shell and endplate","volume":"15","author":"Silva","year":"1994"},{"key":"b21-0070347","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198809000-00008","article-title":"Spinal pedicle fixation: reliability and validity of roentgenogram-based assessment and surgical factors on successful screw placement","volume":"13","author":"Weinstein","year":"1988"},{"key":"b22-0070347","series-title":"J Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00037-7","article-title":"Loading of pedicle screws within the vertebra","volume":"30","author":"Yerby","year":"1997"},{"issue":"20 Suppl","key":"b23-0070347","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279S","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199410151-00005","article-title":"A historical cohort study of pedicle screw fixation in thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal fusions","volume":"19","author":"Yuan","year":"1994"},{"key":"b24-0070347","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198703000-00012","article-title":"Analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the thoracic and lumbar pedicles","volume":"12","author":"Zindrick","year":"1987"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/7\/3\/article-p347.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/7\/3\/article-p347.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/7\/3\/article-p347.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T23:26:28Z","timestamp":1681601188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/7\/3\/article-p347.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/spi-07\/09\/347","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-5654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1547-5654","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}}}