{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:44:18Z","timestamp":1793645058451,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Object.<\/jats:italic> The authors reviewed their series of patients to quantify clinical and radiographic complications in those who underwent a posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) procedure in which a threaded interbody cage (TIC) was implanted.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic> Sixty-seven patients underwent a posterior lumbar interbody fusion procedure in which a TIC was used. The authors excluded patients who underwent procedures in which other instrumentation was used or a nondorsal approach was performed. Fifteen percent of the cases (10 patients) were complicated by laceration of the dura. In three cases, bilateral implantation could not be performed. The average blood loss was 670 ml for all cases, and blood transfusion was required in 25% of the cases (17 patients). The rate of minor wound complication was 4.5% (three patients). One patient died. The average period of hospitalization was 4.25 days.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">Twenty-eight patients (42%) experienced significant low-back pain 3 months postoperatively, and in 10 (15%) of these cases it persisted beyond 1 year. In 10 patients postoperative radiculopathy was demonstrated, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed epidural fibrosis in six patients, arachnoiditis in one, and a recurrent disc herniation in one. One patient incurred a permanent motor deficit with sexual dysfunction. Pseudarthrosis was suggested radiographically with evidence of motion on lateral flexion\u2014extension radiographs (10 cases), lucencies around the implants (seven cases), and posterior migration of the cage (two cases).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">Additional procedures (in 14 patients) consisted primarily of transverse process fusion with pedicle screw and plate augmentation for persistent back pain and radiographically demonstrated signs of spinal instability. In two patients with radiculopathy, migration of the TIC required that it be removed. Graft material that extruded from one implant necessitated its removal. In one patient scarectomy was performed.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Conclusions.<\/jats:italic> Our high incidence of TIC-related complications in PLIF is inconsistent with that reported in previous studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2000.93.1.0045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,7]],"date-time":"2009-05-07T15:48:14Z","timestamp":1241711294000},"page":"45-52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Complications of posterior lumbar interbody fusion when using a titanium threaded cage device"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"W. Jeffrey","family":"Elias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan E.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George J.","family":"Kaptain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Chadduck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Whitehill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Orthopedics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19880601-13","article-title":"Arthrodesis by the distraction-compression method using a stainless steel implant.","volume":"11","author":"Bagby","year":"1988"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Orthop","first-page":"75","article-title":"Unilateral posterior lumbar interbody fusion: simplified dowel technique.","volume":"193","author":"Blume","year":"1985"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","first-page":"252","article-title":"The case for posterior lumbar interbody fusion.","volume":"43","author":"Branch","year":"1996"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199310001-00030","article-title":"A carbon fiber implant to aid interbody lumbar fusion. 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Report of 750 cases.","volume":"193","author":"Collis","year":"1985"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"BNI Quarterly","first-page":"4","article-title":"Internal fixation and fusion of the lumbar spine using threaded interbody cages.","volume":"13","author":"Dickman","year":"1997"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199703150-00017","article-title":"Comparison of interbody fusion approaches for disabling low back pain.","volume":"22","author":"Hacker","year":"1997"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199810000-00163","article-title":"The Ray Threaded Fusion Cage for posterior lumbar interbody fusion.","volume":"43","author":"Hacker","year":"1998"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860050043","article-title":"Compressive strength of interbody cages in the lumbar spine: the effect of cage shape, posterior instrumentation and bone density.","volume":"7","author":"Jost","year":"1998"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Clin Orthop","first-page":"90","article-title":"Posterior lumbar interbody fusion technique: complications and pitfalls.","volume":"193","author":"Lin","year":"1985"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Br)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.80B2.0800351","article-title":"Interbody cage stabilisation in the lumbar spine: biomechanical evaluation of cage design, posterior instrumentation and bone density.","volume":"80","author":"Lund","year":"1998"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199611150-00005","article-title":"The relative importance of vertebral bone density and disc degeneration in spinal flexibility and interbody implant performance. 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