{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T19:36:07Z","timestamp":1769196967223,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Object.<\/jats:italic> The authors sought to determine the biomechanical effectiveness of threaded interbody cages or dowels compared with that achieved using pedicle screw instrumentation in resisting Grade I lumbar spine degenerative spondylolisthesis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic> Thirty-three levels obtained from seven cadaveric lumbar spines were instrumented with cages or dowels, pedicle screw\/rod instrumentation, or both. Entire specimens were loaded with nonconstraining torques. Each level was loaded with anteroposterior shear forces while an optical system was used to measure the specimen's motion at individual levels.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">Pedicle screw\/rods outperformed interbody cages and dowels in treating spondylolisthesis. Cages or dowels alone provided only moderate biomechanical stability, and their effectiveness depended heavily on the integrity of the ligaments and remaining annulus, whereas the success of pedicle screw fixation relied predominantly on the integrity of the bone for solid fixation. Little biomechanical difference was demonstrated between cages and dowels; both devices were susceptible to loosening with cyclic fatigue.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Conclusions.<\/jats:italic> Biomechanically, cages or dowels alone were suboptimal for treating lumbar spondylolisthesis, especially compared with pedicle screw\/rods. Threaded cages or dowels used together with pedicle screws\/rods created the most stable construct.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2001.94.1.0051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,7]],"date-time":"2009-05-07T15:55:30Z","timestamp":1241711730000},"page":"51-60","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Biomechanics of Grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Part 2: Treatment with threaded interbody cages\/dowels and pedicle screws"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Sedat","family":"\u00c7agli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil R.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Volker K. H.","family":"Sonntag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Curtis A.","family":"Dickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurosurg (Spine 1)","first-page":"45","article-title":"Biomechanics of Grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Part 1: In vitro model.","volume":"94","author":"Crawford","year":"2000"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.6.0860","article-title":"Transpedicular screw\u2014rod fixation of the lumbar spine: operative technique and outcome in 104 cases.","volume":"77","author":"Dickman","year":"1992"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Semin Spine Surg","first-page":"34","article-title":"In situ decompression and fusion techniques for spondylolisthesis.","volume":"11","author":"Emery","year":"1999"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860050043","article-title":"Compressive strength of interbody cages in the lumbar spine: the effect of cage shape, posterior instrumentation and bone density.","volume":"7","author":"Jost","year":"1998"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Br)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.80B2.0800351","article-title":"Interbody cage stabilisation in the lumbar spine: biomechanical evaluation of cage design, posterior instrumentation and bone density.","volume":"80","author":"Lund","year":"1998"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Neurological Surgery.","first-page":"2221","article-title":"Biomechanics of the spine","author":"Maiman","year":"1996"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2256","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199410151-00002","article-title":"Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. A meta-analysis of literature 1970\u20131993.","volume":"19","author":"Mardjetko","year":"1994"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.3.0371","article-title":"Efficacy of pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of spinal instability and failed back surgery: a 5-year review.","volume":"89","author":"Masferrer","year":"1998"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.38.155","article-title":"Threaded fusion cage for lumbar spondylolisthesis.","volume":"38","author":"Mizuno","year":"1998"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"J Spinal Disord","first-page":"357","article-title":"Multidirectional stabilizing potential of BAK interbody spinal fusion system for anterior surgery.","volume":"10","author":"Nibu","year":"1997"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860050097","article-title":"The role of supplemental translaminar screws in anterior lumbar interbody fixation: a biomechanical study.","volume":"7","author":"Rathonyi","year":"1998"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Spinal Disord","first-page":"382","article-title":"The efficacy of pedicle screw\/plate fixation on lumbar\/lumbosacral autogenous bone graft fusion in adult patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis.","volume":"9","author":"Rechtine","year":"1996"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Spinal Disord","first-page":"425","article-title":"Transfacet screws with lumbar interbody reconstruction: biomechanical study of motion segment stiffness.","volume":"9","author":"Volkman","year":"1996"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine.","author":"White","year":"1990"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2279","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199410151-00005","article-title":"A historical cohort study of pedicle screw fixation in thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal fusions.","volume":"19","author":"Yuan","year":"1994"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/94\/1\/article-p51.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/94\/1\/article-p51.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/94\/1\/article-p51.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T20:43:01Z","timestamp":1681591381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/94\/1\/article-p51.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/spi.2001.94.1.0051","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-5654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1547-5654","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]}}}