{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T02:32:14Z","timestamp":1778898734599,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Object.<\/jats:italic> The microsurgical anatomy of the C3\u20136 transverse processes and their relationship to the intertransverse space and vertebral artery (VA) were examined with special attention to the aspect exposed in the anterior surgical approach.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic> Ten adult cadaveric spines were examined (magnification levels \u00d7 3\u201340) after perfusion of the arteries and veins with colored silicone. The morphological detail of the transverse process and intertransverse space, the distances between selected surgical landmarks and the VA were measured, and the means and standard deviations were calculated. The osseous changes in the anterior root of the transverse process were classified according to their extent.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\">The transverse processes became smaller, and the anterior intertransverse spaces and the width of the VA exposed in the space increased in size proceeding from caudal to rostral levels, thus exposing the VA to increased risk of injury during procedures at cephalad levels. The distance between the medial border of the longus colli muscle and the VA decreased when proceeding caudally from C2\u20133 to C4\u20135 interspaces but began to increase at the level of C5\u20136. The VA coursed closer to the lateral border of the vertebral body than to the medial border of the anterior tubercle of the transverse process. Osseous changes consisting of thinning or defects in the anterior root of the transverse process were observed from C-3 to C-5. The thinning was most prominent in the lower half of the anterior root just above where the VA ascends behind the lower edge of the anterior root. The osseous change may reflect the erosive effect of the VA on the anterior root of the transverse process.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p content-type=\"fine-print\"><jats:italic>Conclusions.<\/jats:italic> This study provides new information regarding the transverse process and especially the anterior root. An awareness of the thinness and defects in the anterior root of the transverse process and the relationships to the surrounding area will aid in reducing VA injury during anterior approaches to the cervical spine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2003.98.2.0188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,7]],"date-time":"2009-05-07T15:59:32Z","timestamp":1241711972000},"page":"188-194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The transverse process, intertransverse space, and vertebral artery in anterior approaches to the lower cervical spine"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Masatou","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Necmettin","family":"Tanriover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert L.","family":"Rhoton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Matsushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Trait\u00e9 Clinique et Pratique des Op\u00e9rations Chirurgicales","first-page":"320","volume":"1","author":"Chassaignae","year":"1861"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.66.2.0297","article-title":"Vertebral arteriovenous fistula following anterior cervical spine surgery. Report of two cases.","volume":"66","author":"Cosgrove","year":"1987"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199003000-00025","article-title":"Direct repair of an extracranial vertebral artery pseudoaneurysm: case report and review of the literature.","volume":"26","author":"de los Reyes","year":"1990"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Clin Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199601000-00018","article-title":"Vulnerability of vertebral artery in anterolateral decompression for cervical spondylosis.","volume":"322","author":"Ebraheim","year":"1996"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Spinal Disord","first-page":"304","article-title":"Location of the vertebral artery foramen on the anterior aspect of the lower cervical spine by computed tomography.","volume":"10","author":"Ebraheim","year":"1997"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199901000-00046","article-title":"Multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy and radiculopathy treated by multilevel oblique corpectomies without fusion.","volume":"44","author":"George","year":"1999"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Acta Neurochir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01809273","article-title":"Oblique transcorporeal approach to anteriorly located lesions in the cervical spinal canal.","volume":"121","author":"George","year":"1993"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199411001-00010","article-title":"Repair of vertebral artery injury during anterior cervical decompression.","volume":"19","author":"Golfinos","year":"1994"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198910000-00003","article-title":"Complications of cervical spine surgery. A five-year report on a survey of the membership of the Cervical Spine Research Society by the Morbidity and Mortality Committee.","volume":"14","author":"Graham","year":"1989"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199710000-00010","article-title":"Cervical neuromas with extradural components: surgical management in a series of 57 patients.","volume":"41","author":"Lot","year":"1997"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199610000-00026","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the anterior cervical spine: the disc space, vertebral artery, and associated bony structures.","volume":"39","author":"Pait","year":"1996"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199407000-00009","article-title":"Repair of injured vertebral artery in anterior cervical procedures.","volume":"19","author":"Pfeifer","year":"1994"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"106","article-title":"Management of the vertebral artery in excision of extradural tumors of the cervical spine.","volume":"36","author":"Sen","year":"1995"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"410","article-title":"Vertebral artery injury during anterior decompression of the cervical spine. A retrospective review of ten patients.","volume":"75","author":"Smith","year":"1993"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199412000-00007","article-title":"Vertebral artery location in relation to the vertebral body as determined by two-dimensional computed tomography evaluation.","volume":"19","author":"Vaccaro","year":"1994"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/20.CN_suppl_1.295","article-title":"Chapter 24. The lateral approach to the cervical spine.","volume":"20","author":"Verbiest","year":"1973"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Gray's Anatomy","first-page":"235","article-title":"Osteology","author":"Warwick","year":"1973"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/98\/2\/article-p188.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/98\/2\/article-p188.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/98\/2\/article-p188.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T20:30:12Z","timestamp":1681590612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/98\/2\/article-p188.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/spi.2003.98.2.0188","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-5654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1547-5654","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]}}}