{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:23:58Z","timestamp":1774927438444,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SPI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A rotated head posture at the time of vehicular rear impact has been correlated with a higher incidence and greater severity of chronic radicular symptoms than accidents occurring with the occupant facing forward. No studies have been conducted to quantify the dynamic changes in foramen dimensions during head-turned rear-impact collisions. The objectives of this study were to quantify the changes in foraminal width, height, and area during head-turned rear-impact collisions and to determine if dynamic narrowing causes potential cervical nerve root or ganglion impingement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors subjected a whole cervical spine model with muscle force replication and a surrogate head to simulated head-turned rear impacts of 3.5, 5, 6.5, and 8 G following a noninjurious 2-G baseline acceleration. Continuous dynamic foraminal width, height, and area narrowing were recorded, and peaks were determined during each impact; these data were then statistically compared with those obtained at baseline.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>The authors observed significant increases (p &lt; 0.05) in mean peak foraminal width narrowing values greater than baseline values, of up to 1.8 mm in the left C5\u20136 foramen at 8 G. At the right C2\u20133 foramen, the mean peak dynamic foraminal height was significantly narrower than baseline when subjected to rear-impacts of 5 and 6.5 G, but no significant increases in foraminal area were observed. Analysis of the results indicated that the greatest potential for cervical ganglion compression injury existed at C5\u20136 and C6\u20137. Greater potential for ganglion compression injury existed at C3\u20134 and C4\u20135 during head-turned rear impact than during head-forward rear impact.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Extrapolation of present results indicated potential ganglion compression in patients with a non-stenotic foramen at C5\u20136 and C6\u20137; in patients with a stenotic foramen the injury risk greatly increases and spreads to include the C3\u20134 through C6\u20137 as well as C4\u20135 through C6\u20137 nerve roots.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2006.4.5.380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,24]],"date-time":"2008-01-24T12:20:46Z","timestamp":1201177246000},"page":"380-387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Head-turned rear impact causing dynamic cervical intervertebral foramen narrowing: implications for ganglion and nerve root injury"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Tominaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; 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