{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T23:32:05Z","timestamp":1740180725577,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Journal of Nepal Medical Association (JNMA)","issue":"214","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]],"date-time":"2018-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546214400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nepal Med Assoc"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: In Nepal, cervical cancer is the most common female cancer. Unfortunately, there is no uniform effective screening system available all around the country. The objective of this study is to evaluate the cytology, Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid and with Lugol\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s Iodine alone or in combination to detect a pre-cancerous lesion in rural Nepal.Methods: It is an analytical cross-sectional study. Convenience sampling technique was used to select participants who were apparently healthy, married, non- pregnant women of aged 20-65 years for cervical cancer screening program. Screening tests were performed on all eligible women (n=2143) after socio-demographic and reproductive health data collection. A biopsy was applied as a gold standard test. Cross-tabulations were used to describe the test sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value at a 95% confidence interval. Diagnostic odds ratio was also calculated. Results: A majority, 2143 (94%), of women accepted and participated in this study. The sensitivity vs specificity of cytology, VIA, and VILI was 57.1% vs 98.3%, 71.4% vs 88.8% and 78.6% vs 85.1%, and of the co-testing of \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcBoth positive VIA and VILI\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 and \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcEither positive VIA or VILI\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 was 64.3% vs 85.7% and 90.1% vs 83.7% respectively. Negative predictive value of all tests exceeded 99.7%. Cytology had the highest Diagnostic odds ratio (64.9), followed by the co-test \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcEither positive VIA or VILI\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 (27.7).Conclusions: Cervical cancer screening by co-testing \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcEither positive VIA or VILI\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 is more useful than cytology; VIA and or VILI are easy, safe, feasible and well-accepted tests in a low resource setting, Nepal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.3857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T12:34:58Z","timestamp":1547123698000},"page":"917-923","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Accuracy of Visual Tests for Primary Cervical Cancer Screening in Rural Nepal"],"prefix":"10.31729","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3641-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niresh","family":"Thapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8601-8620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muna","family":"Maharjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1660-6694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Girishma","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8930-7409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narayani","family":"Maharjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6587-1139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Lindell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8149-9274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6211-7886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9331-2841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ninu","family":"Maskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7664-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongbing","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"16919","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]},"container-title":["Journal of Nepal Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jnma.com.np\/jnma\/index.php\/jnma\/article\/download\/3857\/2820","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jnma.com.np\/jnma\/index.php\/jnma\/article\/download\/3857\/2820","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T20:15:08Z","timestamp":1621541708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jnma.com.np\/jnma\/index.php\/jnma\/article\/view\/3857"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"214","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31729\/jnma.3857","relation":{},"ISSN":["1815-672X","0028-2715"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1815-672X"},{"type":"print","value":"0028-2715"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]}}}