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Production and origin of oral malodor: A review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. J Periodontol 48: 13-19.","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1977.48.1.13"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) Kostelc JG, Preti G, Zelson PR, Brauner L, Baehni P. 1984. Oral odors in early experimental gingivitis. J Periodontal Res 19: 303-312.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1984.tb00821.x"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Bosy A, Kulkarni GV, Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA. 1994. Relationship of oral malodor to periodontitis; evidence of independence in discrete subpopulations. J Periodontol 65: 37-46.","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1994.65.1.37"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Yaegaki K, Sanada K. 1992. Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 27: 233-238.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1992.tb01673.x"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5) Miyazaki H, Sakao S, Katoh Y, Takehara T. 1995. Correlation between volatile sulphur compounds and certain oral health measurements in the general population. J Periodontol 66: 679-684.","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.8.679"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Kato H, Yoshida A, Awano S, Ansai T, Takehara T. 2005. Quantitative detection of volatile sulfur compound-producing microorganisms in oral specimens using real-time PCR. Oral Dis 11: 167-171.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01096.x"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) Krespi YP, Shrime MG, Kacker A. 2006. The relationship between oral malodor and volatile sulfur compound-producing bacteria: Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 135: 671-676.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.09.036"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"8) Paryavi-Gholami F, Minah GE, Turng BF. 1999. Oral malodor in children and volatile sulfur compound-producing bacteria in saliva: preliminary microbiological investigation. Pediatr Dent 21: 320-324."},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) Sreenivasan P. 2003. The effects of triclosan\/copolymer dentifrice on oral bacteria including those producing hydrogen sulfide. Eur J Oral Sci 111: 223-227.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0722.2003.00037.x"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"10) Sharma NC, Galustians HJ, Qaquish J, Galustians A, Rustogi KN, Petrone ME, Chaknis P, Garcia L, Volpe AR, Proskin HM. 1999. The clinical effectiveness of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer for controlling breath odor measured organoleptically twelve hours after toothbrushing. J Clin Dent 10: 131-134."},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Kozlovsky A, Goldberg S, Natour I, Rogatky-Gat A, Gelernter I, Rosenberg M. 1996. Efficacy of a 2-phase oil: water mouthrinse in controlling oral malodor, gingivitis, and plaque. J Periodontol 67: 577-582.","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1996.67.6.577"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) Quirynen M, Mongardini C, Van Steenberghe D. 1998. The effect of a 1-stage fullmouth disinfection on oral malodor and microbial colonization of the tongue in periodontitis. A pilot study. J Periodontol 69: 374-382.","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1998.69.3.374"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13) Roldan S, Herrera D, Sanz M. 2003. Biofilms and the tongue: therapeutical approaches for the control of halitosis. Clin Oral Invest 7: 189-197.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-003-0214-7"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"14) Reingewirtz Y, Girault O, Reingewirtz N, Senger B, Tenenbaum H. 1999. Mechanical effects and volatile sulfur compound reducing effects of chewing gums: comparison between test and base gums and a control group. Quintessence Int 30: 319-323."},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15) Haghgoo R, Afshari E, Ghanaat T, Aghazadeh S. 2015. Comparing the efficacy of xylitol-containing and conventional chewing gums in reducing salivary counts of <i>Streptococcus mutans<\/i>: An in vivo study. J Int Soc Prev Commun Dent 5(Suppl 2): S112-117.","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0762.172947"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16) Greenberg M, Urnezis P, Tian M. 2007. Compressed mints and chewing gum containing magnolia bark extract are effective against bacteria responsible for oral malodor. J Agric Food Chem 55: 9465-9469.","DOI":"10.1021\/jf072122h"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17) Lodhia P, Yaegaki K, Khakbaznejad A, Imai T, Sato T, Tanaka T, Murata T, Kamoda T. 2008. Effect of green tea on volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 54: 89-94.","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.54.89"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18) Tanaka M, Toe M, Nagata H, Ojima M, Kuboniwa M, Shimizu K, Osawa K, Shizukuishi S. 2010. Effect of eucalyptus-extract chewing gum on oral malodor: a double-masked, randomized trial. J Periodontol 81: 1564-1571.","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100249"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19) Rohdewald P. 2002. A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology. Int Clin Pharmacol Ther 40: 158-168.","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP40158"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"20) United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. 2016. United States Pharmacopeia: Maritime Pine Extract. USP Edition 39, p 6748-6749. Rockville."},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21) Packer L, Rimbach G, Virgili F. 1999. Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine bark, Pycnogenol. Free Radic Biol Med 27: 704-724.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00090-8"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22) Rohdewald P. 2015. Update on the clinical pharmacology of Pycnogenol<sup>&reg;<\/sup>. Med Res Arch 3: 1-11.","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v0i3.183"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23) Torras MA, Faura CA, Sch&ouml;nlau F, Rohdewald P. 2005. Antimicrobial activity of Pycnogenol<sup>&reg;<\/sup>. Phytother Res 19: 647-648.","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1662"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24) Kimbrough C, Chun M, dela Roca G, Lau BHS. 2002. Pycnogenol<sup>&reg;<\/sup> chewing gum minimizes gingival bleeding and plaque formation. Phytomedicine 9: 410-413.","DOI":"10.1078\/09447110260571643"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25) Sugimoto H, Watanabe K, Toyama T, Takahashi SS, Sugiyama S, Lee MC, Hamada N. 2014. Inhibitory effects of French pine bark extract, Pycnogenol<sup>&reg;<\/sup>, on alveolar bone resorption and on the osteoclast differentiation. Phytother Res 29: 251-259.","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5245"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26) Tonzetich J, Ng SK. 1976. Reduction of malodor by oral cleansing procedures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 42: 172-181.","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(76)90121-3"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27) Imfeld T. 1999. Chewing gum&mdash;facts and fiction: a review of gum-chewing and oral health. Clin Rev Oral Biol Med 10: 405-409.","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411990100030901"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28) Polland KE, Higgins F, Orchardson R. 2003. Salivary flow rate and pH during prolonged gum chewing in humans. J Oral Rehabil 30: 861-865.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2003.01177.x"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29) Dawes C, Kubieniec K. 2004. The effects of prolonged gum chewing on salivary flow rate and composition. Arch Oral Biol 49: 665-669.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2004.02.007"},{"key":"30","unstructured":"30) Barnes VM, Santarpia P, Richter R, Curtis J, Xu T. 2005. Clinical evaluation of the anti-plaque effect of a commercial chewing gum. J Clin Dent 16: 1-5."},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31) Awano S, Gohara K, Kurihara E, Ansai T, Takehara T. 2002. The relationship between the presence of periodontopathogenic bacteria in saliva and halitosis. Int Dent J 52: 212-216.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-595X.2002.tb00927.x"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32) Tanaka M, Yamamoto Y, Kuboniwa M, Nonaka A, Nishida N, Maeda K, Kataoka K, Nagata H, Shizukuishi S. 2004. Contribution of periodontal pathogens on tongue dorsa analyzed with real-time PCR to oral malodor. Microbes Infect 6: 1078-1083.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.05.021"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33) Persson S, Edlund MB, Claesson R, Carlsson J. 1990. The formation of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan by oral bacteria. 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