{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:43:10Z","timestamp":1777873390276,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]],"date-time":"2009-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a biothreat agent, etiologic agent of food poisoning, and potent inducer of toxic shock syndrome. This heat-stable exoprotein is thought to act as a superantigen to induce T cell\u2013specific pathology. Most animal models do not accurately map the clinical syndrome of human SEB exposure. Previously, we have demonstrated the utility of the weanling piglet model of SEB intoxication. Here, we analyze gross and histopathologic specimens from lymphoid tissue of these animals. Hematological testing was completed to observe changes in circulating leukocytes. Further, these leukocytes were differentiated and the subsets were subsequently analyzed using flow cytometry. Cytokine mRNA was quantified in lymphoid tissue and peripheral blood cells and compared to actual protein concentration using ELISA. The mRNA expression levels for several cell markers implicated in T and B cell differentiation were quantified and compared to control animals, as were levels for apoptosis-related genes. Lymphadenopathy was constantly seen post mortem. SEB-exposed animals had a leukocytosis which increased linearly over the time course. Monocyte levels increased over time, while lymphocyte levels peaked at 6h and then returned to baseline. Most cytokines had mRNA levels that were upregulated after exposure. Detection of serum cytokine changes was accomplished; however, these patterns did not always follow those seen in the differentially expressed genes. Both pro- and anti-apoptotic genes were differentially expressed in exposed animals. This paper reports, for the first time, the immunological findings in the weanling piglet model of SEB intoxication. From this work it is clear that there is not one absolute cell-mediated pathway contributing to the pathology these animals exhibit as a result of SEB exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3181\/0901-rm-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,23]],"date-time":"2009-10-23T15:42:57Z","timestamp":1256312577000},"page":"1305-1315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Cellular and Molecular Immune Response of the Weanling Piglet to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"234","author":[{"given":"Shuguang","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Molecular Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910; and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rina","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Molecular Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910; and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Zelazowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Molecular Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910; and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sachin","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Molecular Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910; and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Molecular Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910; and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary D.","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Molecular Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910; and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Molecular Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910; and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasha","family":"Hammamieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Molecular Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910; and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Shupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Molecular Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910; and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marti","family":"Jett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Molecular Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910; and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.12.5551-5557.2001"},{"key":"bibr-R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Cunha Mde L, Calsolari RA, Junior JP. Detection of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 genes in Staphylococcus, with emphasis on coagulase-negative staphylococci. Microbiol Immunol 51:381\u2013390, 2007.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03925.x"},{"key":"bibr-R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veras JF, do Carmo LS, Tong LC, Shupp JW, Cummings C, Dos Santos DA, Cerqueira MM, Cantini A, Nicoli JR, Jett M. A study of the enterotoxigenicity of coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococcal isolates from food poisoning outbreaks in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Int J Infect Dis 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.09.018"},{"key":"bibr-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-198-43321A"},{"key":"bibr-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.12.1916093"},{"key":"bibr-R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson HM, Russell JK, Pontzer CH. Superantigen in human disease. Sci Am 92\u2013101, 1992.","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0492-92"},{"key":"bibr-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.171.2.455"},{"key":"bibr-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2185544"},{"key":"bibr-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.6.1833"},{"key":"bibr-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/368711a0"},{"key":"bibr-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.997"},{"key":"bibr-R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peavy DL, Adler WH, Smith RT. The mitogenic effects of endotoxin and staphylococcal enterotoxin B on mouse spleen cells and human peripheral lymphocytes. J Immunol 105:1453\u20131458, 1970.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.105.6.1453"},{"key":"bibr-R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jett M, Ionin B, Das R, Neill R. The staphylococcal enterotoxins. Mol Med Microbiol 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012677530-3\/50272-5"},{"key":"bibr-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-148-38553"},{"key":"bibr-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/115.4.330"},{"key":"bibr-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.58.11.3494-3499.1990"},{"key":"bibr-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.1.567-570.2003"},{"key":"bibr-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.4.2386-2389.2000"},{"key":"bibr-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.36.3.1263-1266.1982"},{"key":"bibr-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020422901011"},{"key":"bibr-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00882a005"},{"key":"bibr-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.77"},{"key":"bibr-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(00)80106-0"},{"key":"bibr-R24","unstructured":"Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 43:109\u2013142, 1991."},{"key":"bibr-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.138.6.1314"},{"key":"bibr-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.143.3.585"},{"key":"bibr-R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasseur F, Le Campion A, Pavlovitch JH, Penit C. Distribution of cycling T lymphocytes in blood and lymphoid organs during immune responses. J Immunol 162:5164\u20135172, 1999.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.9.5164"},{"key":"bibr-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1996.0078"},{"key":"bibr-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/349245a0"},{"key":"bibr-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/32588"},{"key":"bibr-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(02)00210-9"},{"key":"bibr-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199902)29:02<437::AID-IMMU437>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"bibr-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200207)32:7<2011::AID-IMMU2011>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"bibr-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80413-6"},{"key":"bibr-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02252933"},{"key":"bibr-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.140942"},{"key":"bibr-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/162.9.612"},{"key":"bibr-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.297"},{"key":"bibr-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.175.1.91"},{"key":"bibr-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.12.9.0158"}],"container-title":["Experimental Biology and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3181\/0901-RM-2","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3181\/0901-RM-2","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3181\/0901-RM-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:55:31Z","timestamp":1777571731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ebm-journal.org\/journals\/experimental-biology-and-medicine\/articles\/10.3181\/0901-rm-2\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3181\/0901-RM-2"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3181\/0901-rm-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-3702","1535-3699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-3702","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-3699","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]}}}