{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:06:08Z","timestamp":1790013968819,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of American College Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"DOI":"10.3200\/jach.54.6.341-352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,12]],"date-time":"2007-04-12T14:56:19Z","timestamp":1176389779000},"page":"341-352","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["College Student Suicide in the United States: 1990-1991 Through 2003-2004"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Allan J.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","reference":[{"key":"E00001","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. <i>Natl Vital Stat Rep.<\/i> 2005;53:13-49."},{"key":"E00002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutler D, Meara E. <i>Changes in the Age Distribution of Mortality Over the 20th Century.<\/i> Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research; 2001. Working Paper 8556.","DOI":"10.3386\/w8556"},{"key":"E00003","unstructured":"Diehl HS, Shepard CE. <i>The Health of College Students.<\/i> Washington, DC: American Council on Education; 1939."},{"key":"E00004","unstructured":"Pavela G. Should colleges withdraw students who threaten or attempt suicide? <i>J Am Coll Health.<\/i> 2006;54:367-371."},{"key":"E00005","unstructured":"Arenson KW. Worried colleges step up efforts over suicide. <i>The New York Times.<\/i> Available at: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2004\/12\/03\/education\/03suicide.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5. Accessed December 3, 2004."},{"key":"E00006","unstructured":"Associated Press. Colleges turn to web to reduce youth suicide. Available at: <a target=\"_blank\" href='http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/EDUCATION\/10\/06\/college.suicides.ap\/index.html'>http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/EDUCATION\/10\/06\/college.suicides.ap\/index.html<\/a>"},{"key":"E00007","unstructured":"Franke AH. When students kill themselves, colleges may get the blame. <i>Chronicle of Higher Education.<\/i> June 25, 2004; B18-B19."},{"key":"E00008","unstructured":"Gupta S. Suicide among young people. Available at: <a target=\"_blank\" href='http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2002\/HEALTH\/08\/30\/yh.pul.suicide\/index.html'>http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2002\/HEALTH\/08\/30\/yh.pul.suicide\/index.html<\/a>"},{"key":"E00009","unstructured":"Hoover E. Judge rules suicide suit against MIT can proceed. <i>Chronicle of Higher Education.<\/i> Available at: <a target=\"_blank\" href='http:\/\/chronicle'>http:\/\/chronicle<\/a>"},{"key":"E00010","unstructured":"Sontag D. Who was responsible for Elizabeth Shin? <i>The New York Times Magazine.<\/i> Available at: <a target=\"_blank\" href='http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2002\/04\/28\/magazine\/28MIT.html'>http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2002\/04\/28\/magazine\/28MIT.html<\/a>"},{"key":"E00011","unstructured":"Worland D. Tragedy of college student suicide. Available at: <a target=\"_blank\" href='http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,106202,00.html'>http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,106202,00.html<\/a>"},{"key":"E00012","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. <i>National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action.<\/i> Rockville, MD: Public Health Service; 2001. Document SMA 3517."},{"key":"E00013","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. <i>Surgeon General's Call to Action.<\/i> Rockville, MD: Public Health Service; 1999."},{"key":"E00014","unstructured":"Silverman MM. Campus student suicide rates: fact or artifact? <i>Suicide Life Threat Behav.<\/i> 1993;23:329-342."},{"key":"E00015","unstructured":"Riggs AF, Terhune WB. The mental health of college women. <i>Ment Hyg.<\/i> 1928;12:559-568."},{"key":"E00016","unstructured":"Raphael T, Power SH, Berridge WL. The question of suicide as a problem in college mental hygiene. <i>Am J Orthopsychiatry.<\/i> 1937;7:1-14."},{"key":"E00017","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <i>Suicide: Fact Sheet.<\/i> Available at: <a target=\"_blank\" href='http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nicpc\/factsheets\/suifacts.htm'>http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nicpc\/factsheets\/suifacts.htm<\/a>"},{"key":"E00018","unstructured":"Stengel E. <i>Suicide and Attempted Suicide.<\/i> New York, NY: Jason Aronson; 1974."},{"key":"E00019","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, Statistical Resources Branch, Division of Vital Statistics. Table-III Deaths from 282 Selected Causes, by 5-Year Age Groups, Race and Sex: U.S. and Each State, 1975-1990 [unpublished table]."},{"key":"E00020","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, Statistical Resources Branch, Division of Vital Statistics. Trend C, Table 292A Death Rates from 282 Selected Causes, by 5-Year Age Groups, Color and Sex: United States, 1975-1990 [unpublished table]."},{"key":"E00021","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Compressed Mortality File (CMF) compiled from CMF 1968-1988, Series 20, No. 2A 2000, CMF 1989-1998, Series 20, No. 2E 2003 and CMF 1999-2002, Series 20, No. 2H 2004 on CDC WONDER On-line Database. Available at: <a target=\"_blank\" href='http:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/mortICD9J.html'>http:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/mortICD9J.html<\/a>"},{"key":"E00022","unstructured":"National Mental Health Association and The Jed Foundation. <i>Safeguarding Your Students Against Suicide: Expanding the Safety Net.<\/i> Alexandria, VA: National Mental Health Association and the Jed Foundation; 2002."},{"key":"E00023","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1981."},{"key":"E00024","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1982."},{"key":"E00025","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1983."},{"key":"E00026","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1984."},{"key":"E00027","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1985."},{"key":"E00028","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1986."},{"key":"E00029","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1987."},{"key":"E00030","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1988."},{"key":"E00031","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1989."},{"key":"E00032","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1990."},{"key":"E00033","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1991."},{"key":"E00034","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1992."},{"key":"E00035","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1993."},{"key":"E00036","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1994."},{"key":"E00037","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1995."},{"key":"E00038","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1996."},{"key":"E00039","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1997."},{"key":"E00040","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1998."},{"key":"E00041","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 1999."},{"key":"E00042","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 2000."},{"key":"E00043","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 2001."},{"key":"E00044","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 2002."},{"key":"E00045","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 2003."},{"key":"E00046","unstructured":"Gallagher RP. <i>National Survey of Counseling Center Directors.<\/i> Arlington, VA: International Association of Counseling Services; 2004."},{"key":"E00047","unstructured":"Silverman MM, Meyer PM, Sloane F, Raffel M, Pratt DM. The Big Ten student suicide study: a 10-year study of suicides on midwestern university campuses. <i>Suicide Life Threat Behav.<\/i> 1997;27:285-303."},{"key":"E00048","unstructured":"Schwartz AJ, Reifler CB. College student suicide in the United States: incidence data and prospects for demonstrating the efficacy of preventative programs. <i>J Am Coll Health Assoc.<\/i> 1988;37:53-59."},{"key":"E00049","unstructured":"Schwartz AJ, Whitaker LC. Suicide among college students: assessment, treatment, and intervention. In: Blumenthal SJ, Kupfer DJ, eds. <i>Suicide Over the Life Cycle.<\/i> Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990:303-340."},{"key":"E00050","unstructured":"Schwartz AJ, Reifler CB. Suicide among American college and university students from 1970-71 through 1975-76. <i>J Am Coll Health Assoc.<\/i> 1980;28:205-210."},{"key":"E00051","unstructured":"Schwartz AJ. Inaccuracy and uncertainty in estimates of college student suicide rates. <i>J Am Coll Health Assoc.<\/i> 1980;28:201-204."},{"key":"E00052","unstructured":"Reifler CB, Friedman WH, Reinhold JE, Banning J, Schneider C. A student mental health data bank: report of a pilot project. <i>J Am Coll Health Assoc.<\/i> 1973;21:405-406."},{"key":"E00053","unstructured":"Bruyn HB, Seiden RH. Student suicide: fact or fancy? <i>J Am Coll Health Assoc.<\/i> 1965;14:69-77."},{"key":"E00054","unstructured":"Parrish HM. Epidemiology of suicide among college students. <i>Yale J Biol Med.<\/i> 1957;29:585-595."},{"key":"E00055","unstructured":"Peck ML, Schrut A. Suicide among college students. In: Farberow NL, ed. <i>Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference for Suicide Prevention.<\/i> Los Angeles, CA: Delmar; 1968:356-359."},{"key":"E00056","unstructured":"Peck ML, Schrut A. Suicidal behavior among college students. <i>HSMHA Health Rep.<\/i> 1971;86:149-156."},{"key":"E00057","unstructured":"Carpenter RG. Statistical analysis of suicide and other mortality rates of students. <i>Brit J Prev Soc Med.<\/i> 1959;13:163-174."},{"key":"E00058","unstructured":"Heinrichs EH. Suicide in the young: demographic data of college-age students in a rural state. <i>J Am Coll Health Assoc.<\/i> 1980;28:236-237."},{"key":"E00059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz AJ. The epidemiology of suicide among students at colleges and universities in the United States. <i>J Coll Student Psychother.<\/i> 1990;4:24-44.","DOI":"10.1300\/J035v04n03_03"},{"key":"E00060","unstructured":"Brent DA, Baugher MMA, Bridge JBS, Chen T, Chiappeta LBS. Age- and sex-related risk factors in adolescent suicide. <i>J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.<\/i> 1999;38:1497-1505."},{"key":"E00061","unstructured":"Goldstein RB, Black DW, Nasrallah MA, Winokur G. The prediction of suicide. <i>Arch Gen Psychiatry.<\/i> 1991;48:418-422."},{"key":"E00062","unstructured":"Miller M, Azrael D, Hemenway D. Household firearm ownership and suicide rates in the United States. <i>Epidemiology.<\/i> 2002;13:517-524."},{"key":"E00063","unstructured":"US Census Bureau, Population Division, Education and Social Stratification Branch. Tables A-6 and A-7. Available at: <a target=\"_blank\" href='http:\/\/www.census.gov\/population\/www\/socdemo\/school.html'>http:\/\/www.census.gov\/population\/www\/socdemo\/school.html<\/a>"},{"key":"E00064","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance: National College Health Risk Behavior Survey - United States, 1995. <i>MMWR.<\/i> 1997;46(SS6):1-54."},{"key":"E00065","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2003. <i>MMWR.<\/i> 2004;53(SS2):1-96."},{"key":"E00066","unstructured":"Benton SA, Robertson JM, Tseng WC, Newton FB, Benton, SL. Changes in counseling center client problems across 13 years. <i>Professional Psychol Res Pract.<\/i> 2003;34:66-72."},{"key":"E00067","unstructured":"National Institutes of Mental Health. <i>The Numbers Count: Mental Disorders In America.<\/i> Washington, DC: National Institutes of Mental Health; 2005. NIH Publication 01-4584."},{"key":"E00068","unstructured":"Schwartz AJ. Stability in the acuity and qualitative character of psychopathology among college counseling center clients, 1992-93 through 2001-02. <i>J Am Coll Health.<\/i> 2006;54:327-337."},{"key":"E00069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz AJ. Four eras of study college student suicide in the United States: 1920-2004. <i>J Am Coll Health.<\/i> 2006;54: 353-366.","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.54.6.353-366"},{"key":"E00070","unstructured":"Kraft DP. Student suicides during a twenty-year period at a state university campus. <i>J Am Coll Health Assoc.<\/i> 1980; 28: 258-262."},{"key":"E00071","unstructured":"Schwartz AJ, Reifler CB. Quantitative aspects of college mental health: usage rates, prevalence and incidence, suicide. <i>Psychiatric Ann.<\/i> 1984;14:681-688."},{"key":"E00072","unstructured":"Braaten LJ, Darling CD. Suicidal tendencies among college students. <i>Psychiatric Q.<\/i> 1962;36:665-692."},{"key":"E00073","unstructured":"Temby WD. Suicide. In: Blaine GB, McArthur CC, eds. <i>Emotional Problems of the Student.<\/i> New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1961:133-152."}],"container-title":["Journal of American College Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/10256018808623883","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,27]],"date-time":"2019-04-27T04:36:04Z","timestamp":1556339764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.3200\/JACH.54.6.341-352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3200\/JACH.54.6.341-352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/jach.54.6.341-352","relation":{},"ISSN":["0744-8481","1940-3208"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0744-8481","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-3208","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]}}}