{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T01:22:52Z","timestamp":1789867372713,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"DOI":"10.3201\/eid0902.020124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,21]],"date-time":"2012-06-21T21:25:25Z","timestamp":1340313925000},"page":"162-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Equine Amplification and Virulence of Subtype IE Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viruses Isolated during the 1993 and 1996 Mexican Epizootics"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Dante","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 G.","family":"Estrada-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Carrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith F.","family":"Aronson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott C.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1822","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weaver SC. Recurrent emergence of Venezuelan euine encephalomyelitis. In: Scheld WM, Hughes J, editors. Emerging infections I. Washington: ASM Press; 1998. p. 27\u201342.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555816940.ch3"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R2","unstructured":"Weaver SC. Venezuelan equine encephalitis. In: Service MW. The encyclopedia of arthropod-transmitted infections. Wallingford, UK: CAB International; 2001. p. 539\u201348."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walton TE, Grayson MA. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. In: Monath TP. The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology, vol. IV. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 1988. p. 203\u201331.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429289170-11"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R4","first-page":"79","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis.","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Adv Vet Sci Comp Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R5","first-page":"100","article-title":"History and geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis.","volume":"8","author":"Lord","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull Pan Am Health Organ"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.64","article-title":"Virulence and viremia characteristics of 1992 epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and closely related enzootic subtype ID strains.","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1982.31.561","article-title":"Epidemiological significance of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in vitro markers.","volume":"31","author":"Martin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R8","first-page":"238","article-title":"A study of equine virulence of naturally occurring Venezuelan encephalitis virus in Veracruz with description of antibody responses.","volume":"65","author":"Garman","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull Pan Am Health Organ"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/128.3.271","article-title":"Experimental infection of horses with enzootic and epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus.","volume":"128","author":"Walton","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.441","article-title":"Genetic evidence for the origins of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB outbreaks.","volume":"60","author":"Weaver","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121346","article-title":"An outbreak of Venezuelan equine encephalomeylitis in Central America. Evidence for exogenous source of a virulent virus subtype.","volume":"94","author":"Franck","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R12","first-page":"277","article-title":"Encefalitis equina de Venezuela en Tamaulipas, Mexico.","volume":"26","author":"de Mucha-Macias","year":"1966","journal-title":"Rev Invest Salud Publica (Mexico)"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R13","first-page":"97","article-title":"A probable case of Venezuelan equine encephalitis occurring in Jaltipan, Veracruz, Mexico, 1965.","volume":"13","author":"Zarate","year":"1971","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.100","article-title":"Association of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE with two equine epizootics in Mexico.","volume":"59","author":"Oberste","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.630","article-title":"Geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE genotypes in Central America and Mexico.","volume":"60","author":"Oberste","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.4.1718-1730.2002","article-title":"Positively charged amino acid substitutions in the E2 envelope glycoprotein are associated with the emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.","volume":"76","author":"Brault","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.5.4266-4271.1999","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic changes accompanying the emergence of epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses from an enzootic subtype ID progenitor.","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.5.878","article-title":"Patterns of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in Culiseta melanura.","volume":"27","author":"Weaver","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.3.261","article-title":"Mosquito feeding-induced enhancement of Cache Valley virus (Bunyaviridae) infection in mice.","volume":"35","author":"Edwards","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.338","article-title":"La Crosse viremias in white-tailed deer and chipmunks exposed by injection or mosquito bite.","volume":"54","author":"Osorio","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90347-4","article-title":"The full-length nucleotide sequences of the virulent Trinidad donkey strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and its attenuated vaccine derivative, strain TC-83.","volume":"170","author":"Kinney","year":"1989","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R22","first-page":"209","article-title":"Attenuation of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by in vitro cultivation in guinea pig heart cells.","volume":"73","author":"Berge","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1599","article-title":"A comparison of the nucleotide sequences of eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses with those of other alphaviruses and related RNA viruses.","volume":"197","author":"Weaver","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.38.447","article-title":"Reevaluation of the western equine encephalitis antigenic complex of alphaviruses (family Togaviridae) as determined by neutralization tests.","volume":"38","author":"Calisher","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121246","article-title":"Experimental infection of horses with three strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. I. Clinical and virological studies.","volume":"93","author":"Henderson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/137.3.227","article-title":"Enzootic and epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in horses infected by peripheral and intrathecal routes.","volume":"137","author":"Dietz","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1976.25.494","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: comparison of infectivity and virulence of strains V-38 and P676 in donkeys.","volume":"25","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R28","first-page":"274","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in horses.","volume":"63","author":"Kissling","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1964.13.723","article-title":"The Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis complex of group A arthropod-borne viruses, including Mucambo and Pixuna from the Amazon region of Brazil.","volume":"13","author":"Shope","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R30","first-page":"65","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis.","volume":"11","author":"Kissling","year":"1967","journal-title":"Adv Vet Sci"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121247","article-title":"Experimental infection of horses with three strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. II. Experimental vector studies.","volume":"93","author":"Sudia","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121234","article-title":"Vector-host studies of an epizootic of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in Guatemala, 1969.","volume":"93","author":"Sudia","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R33","first-page":"295","article-title":"Potential for Central American mosquitoes to transmit epizootic and enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.","volume":"15","author":"Turell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1976.25.336","article-title":"Vector competence of mosquitoes as a marker to distinguish Central American and Mexican epizootic from enzootic strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus.","volume":"25","author":"Kramer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(94)90341-7","article-title":"Persistence of alphaviruses in vertebrate hosts.","volume":"2","author":"Levine","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid0902.020124 -201206210400-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0546","article-title":"Mutations in the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus confer heparan sulfate interaction, low morbidity, and rapid clearance from blood of mice.","volume":"276","author":"Bernard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/9\/2\/02-0124_article","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T02:43:21Z","timestamp":1732589001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/9\/2\/02-0124_article.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid0902.020124","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]}}}