{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T07:04:18Z","timestamp":1791097458953,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"DOI":"10.3201\/eid1010.030981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,28]],"date-time":"2012-03-28T01:22:01Z","timestamp":1332897721000},"page":"1729-1735","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Strain Typing Methods and Molecular Epidemiology of<i>Pneumocystis<\/i>Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Ben Beard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint-Antoine University Hospital, Paris, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Nevez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Picardy, Amiens, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe M.","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Unnasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Lundgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1822","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interstitial plasma cell pneumonia in infants.","volume":"180","author":"Vaneck","year":"1953","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr (Paris)"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/334519a0","article-title":"Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the Fungi.","volume":"334","author":"Edman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(89)90130-6","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii: sequence from ribosomal RNA implies a close relationship with fungi.","volume":"68","author":"Stringer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.020096","article-title":"A new name (Pneumocystis jirovecii) for pneumocystis from humans.","volume":"8","author":"Stringer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R5","first-page":"165","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii, a parasite in lungs of mammals, referred to a new family and order (Pneumocystidaceae, Pneumocystidales, Ascomycota).","volume":"13","author":"Erikson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Systema Ascomycetum"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.2.383-387.1997","article-title":"Biodiversity of Pneumocystis carinii hominis: typing with different DNA regions.","volume":"35","author":"Latouche","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.7.1754-1759.1996","article-title":"DNA sequences indentical to Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii and Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis in samples of air spora.","volume":"34","author":"Wakefield","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0603.000306","article-title":"Genetic variation in Pneumocystis carinii isolates from different geographic regions: implications for transmission.","volume":"6","author":"Beard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/91.12.813","article-title":"Clusters of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: analysis of person-to-person transmission by genotyping.","volume":"91","author":"Helweg-Larsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1555-1557.2002","article-title":"Probable mother-to-infant transmission of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis infection.","volume":"40","author":"Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.2.595","article-title":"Genetic variation among Pneumocystis carinii hominis isolates in recurrent pneumocystosis.","volume":"172","author":"Keely","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.3.1173-1180.2003","article-title":"Genotypes at the internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear rRNA operon of Pneumocystis jirovecii in non-immunosuppressed infants without severe pneumonia.","volume":"41","author":"Totet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.181-186.2003","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii internal transcribed spacer types in patients colonized by the fungus and in patients with pneumocystosis from the same French geographic region.","volume":"41","author":"Nevez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1086\/368165","article-title":"Limited asymptomatic carriage of Pneumocystis jirovecii in human immunodeficiency virus\u2013infected patients.","volume":"187","author":"Wakefield","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01690-6","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii genotypes and severity of pneumonia.","volume":"353","author":"Miller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)03320-6","article-title":"Effects of mutations in Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of AIDS-associated P. carinii pneumonia.","volume":"354","author":"Helweg-Larsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1086\/315719","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii mutations are associated with duration of sulfa or sulfone prophylaxis exposure in AIDS patients.","volume":"182","author":"Kazanjian","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1086\/315824","article-title":"Sulfa or sulfone prophylaxis and geographic region predict mutations in the Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene.","volume":"182","author":"Huang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)77687-X","article-title":"Failure of co-trimoxazole in Pneumocystis carinii infection and mutations in dihydropteroate synthase gene.","volume":"351","author":"Mei","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.38.4.289.300","article-title":"Genetic divergence at the SODA locus of six different formae speciales of Pneumocystis carinii.","volume":"38","author":"Denis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1995.tb01614.x","article-title":"Analysis of genetic diversity at the arom locus in isolates of Pneumocystis carinii.","volume":"42","author":"Banerji","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.12.2904-2912.1994","article-title":"Typing of Pneumocystis carinii strains that infect humans based on nucleotide sequence variations of internal transcribed spacers of rRNA genes.","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.3.734-741.1998","article-title":"Update of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis typing based on nucleotide sequence variation in internal transcribed spacer regions of rRNA genes.","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.1.141","article-title":"Genetic diversity at the internal transcribed spacer regions of the rRNA operon among isolates of Pneumocystis carinii from AIDS patients with recurrent pneumonia.","volume":"174","author":"Tsolaki","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.1.90-93.1998","article-title":"Pre-AIDS era isolates of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis: high genotype similarity with contemporary isolates.","volume":"36","author":"Tsolaki","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-48-10-897","article-title":"Oropharyngeal samples for genotyping and monitoring response to treatment in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.","volume":"48","author":"Tsolaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1146-1151.2002","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis based on variations in nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of rRNA genes.","volume":"40","author":"Nimri","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92008-6","article-title":"Detection of Pneumocystis carinii with DNA amplification.","volume":"336","author":"Wakefield","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.2.482","article-title":"Dihydropteroate synthase polymorphisms in Pneumocystis carinii.","volume":"175","author":"Lane","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00284-7","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii mutations associated with sulfa and sulfone prophylaxis failures in immunocompromised patients.","volume":"2","author":"Armstrong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-49-8-753","article-title":"Typing of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis by PCR-SSCP to indicate high frequency of co-infections.","volume":"49","author":"Nahimana","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200103090-00004","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Pneumocystis carinii in HIV-positive and -negative patients as revealed by PCR-SSCP typing.","volume":"15","author":"Hauser","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1086\/345721","article-title":"Analysis of variation in tandem repeats in the intron of the major surface glycoprotein expression site of the human form of Pneumocystis carinii.","volume":"186","author":"Ma","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.1996.15.989","article-title":"A single expression site with a conserved leader sequence regulates variation of expression of the Pneumocystis carinii family of major surface glycoprotein genes.","volume":"15","author":"Edman","year":"1996","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02620.x","article-title":"Characterization of the expression site of the major surface glycoprotein of human-derived Pneumocystis carinii.","volume":"42","author":"Kutty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200103090-00003","article-title":"Clinical correlation of variations in the internal transcribed spacer regions of rRNA genes in Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis.","volume":"15","author":"Helweg-Larsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(99)00050-4","article-title":"Development of a PCR assay for diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia based on amplification of the multicopy major surface glycoprotein gene family.","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.2.490-494.2002","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a quantitative, touch-down, real-time PCR assay for diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.","volume":"40","author":"Larsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1086\/320738","article-title":"Development and characterization of a molecular viability assay for Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis.","volume":"183","author":"Maher","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1010.030981-201203270400-R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00508.x","article-title":"Development of an RT-PCR on the heatshock protein 70 gene for viability detection of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis in patients with pneumocystosis and in air sample.","volume":"48","author":"Latouche","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/10\/10\/03-0981_article","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T02:50:51Z","timestamp":1732589451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/10\/10\/03-0981_article.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1010.030981","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}}}