{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T13:54:57Z","timestamp":1791035697486,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,24]],"date-time":"2012-03-24T20:12:23Z","timestamp":1332619943000},"page":"2150-2155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Alligators as West Nile Virus Amplifiers"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kaci","family":"Klenk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falicia","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Gordy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Beckett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Komar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duane","family":"Gubler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Bunning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA;United States Air Force, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1822","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)61005-5","article-title":"West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America.","volume":"61","author":"Komar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R2","first-page":"125","article-title":"Studies on Japanese encephalitis virus infection of reptiles. II. Roles of lizards on hibernation of Japanese encephalitis virus.","volume":"53","author":"Doi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Jpn J Exp Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R3","first-page":"117","article-title":"Studies on Japanese encephalitis virus infection of reptiles. I. Experimental infection of snakes and lizards.","volume":"53","author":"Oya","year":"1983","journal-title":"Jpn J Exp Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.21.205","article-title":"A preliminary report on infection of the lizard, Takydromus tachydromoides, with Japanese encephalitis virus.","volume":"21","author":"Doi","year":"1968","journal-title":"Jpn J Med Sci Biol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(74)90068-6","article-title":"Arbovirus infections in reptiles: immunological evidence for a high incidence of Japanese encephalitis virus in the cobra, Naja naja.","volume":"68","author":"Shortridge","year":"1974","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R6","first-page":"27","article-title":"Low susceptibility of common snakes in Japan to Japanese encephalitis virus.","volume":"11","author":"Mifune","year":"1969","journal-title":"Trop Med."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R7","first-page":"157","article-title":"Multiplication and antibody formation of Japanese encephalitis virus in snakes. II. Proliferation of the virus.","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"1968","journal-title":"Seoul J Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-99-24468","article-title":"Susceptibility of garter snakes (Thamnophis spp.) to western equine encephalomyelitis virus.","volume":"99","author":"Thomas","year":"1958","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-105-26006","article-title":"Overwintering of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in experimentally infected garter snakes and transmission to mosquitoes.","volume":"105","author":"Thomas","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-109-27225","article-title":"Overwintering of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in garter snakes experimentally infected by Culex tarsalis.","volume":"109","author":"Thomas","year":"1962","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.112","article-title":"Antibody development in garter snakes (Thamnophis spp.) experimentally infected with Western equine encephalitis.","volume":"29","author":"Thomas","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R12","first-page":"161","article-title":"Arbovirus infections in reptiles: Studies on the presence of Japanese encephalitis virus antibody in the plasma of the turtle, Trionyx sinensis.","volume":"6","author":"Shortridge","year":"1975","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(77)90022-0","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus antibody in cold-blooded animals.","volume":"71","author":"Shortridge","year":"1977","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R14","first-page":"76","article-title":"Experimentally proven infection of Culex pipiens L. mosquitoes with West Nile fever virus via the Lake Pallas Rana ridibunda frog and its transmission via bites.","volume":"6","author":"Kostyukov","year":"1986","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R15","first-page":"49","article-title":"The lake frog (Rana ridibunda)\u2014one of the food hosts of blood-sucking mosquitoes in Tadzhikistan\u2014a reservoir of the West Nile fever virus.","volume":"3","author":"Kostyukov","year":"1985","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0907.020816","article-title":"West Nile virus infection of crocodiles","volume":"9","author":"Steinman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1969.18.416","article-title":"Survey for antibodies to arboviruses in the serum of various animals in Israel during 1965\u20131966.","volume":"18","author":"Nir","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.260","article-title":"Poor replication of West Nile virus (New York 1999 strain) in three reptilian and one amphibian species.","volume":"69","author":"Klenk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0907.030085","article-title":"West Nile virus in farmed alligators.","volume":"9","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R20","article-title":"West Nile virus infection in farmed American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in Florida.","author":"Jacobson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4066-4071.2000","article-title":"Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase PCR assay.","volume":"38","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R22","unstructured":"Ohio Pork Industry Center. An engineer eyes hog carcasses as alligator feed [newsletter article on the Internet]. Columbus (OH): The Ohio State University Extension; 2003 Feb [cited 2004 Oct 19]. Available from http:\/\/porkinfo.osu.edu\/news.archives.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.413","article-title":"Potential for New York mosquitoes to transmit West Nile virus.","volume":"62","author":"Turell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010617","article-title":"Vector competence of selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia mosquitoes for West Nile virus.","volume":"7","author":"Sardelis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R25","article-title":"Entomologic investigations during an outbreak of West Nile disease in southeastern Louisiana, 2002.","volume":"11","author":"Godsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter SJ, LaCasse WJ. Mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press; 1955.","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520325098"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020628","article-title":"Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus.","volume":"9","author":"Komar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.42.1.30152463","article-title":"The effect of temperature on the immune response in cold-blooded vertebrates.","volume":"42","author":"Tait","year":"1969","journal-title":"Physiol Zool"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R29","unstructured":"Ambrosius H. Immunoglobulins and antibody production in reptiles. In: Marchalonis J, editor. Comparative immunology. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Scientific; 1976:298\u2013334."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.108.4.952","article-title":"Cellular and humoral aspects of the influence of environmental temperature on the immune resopnse of poikilothermic vertebrates.","volume":"108","author":"Cone","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R31","unstructured":"Cooper EL, Klempau AE, Zapata AG. Reptilian immunity. In: Gans C, editor. Biology of the reptilia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1988. p. 298\u2013352."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R32","first-page":"877","article-title":"Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast feeding\u2014Michigan, 2002.","volume":"51","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022987","article-title":"Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients.","volume":"348","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030969","article-title":"Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion\u2014United States, 2002.","volume":"349","author":"Pealer","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314791","article-title":"West Nile virus infection of adult mice by oral route.","volume":"54","author":"Odelola","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1012.040264-201203240400-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59403-8_14","article-title":"West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife.","volume":"267","author":"McLean","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/10\/12\/04-0264_article","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T02:52:00Z","timestamp":1732589520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/10\/12\/04-0264_article.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1012.040264","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}}}