{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T13:53:04Z","timestamp":1773150784809,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"DOI":"10.3201\/eid1204.051025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,19]],"date-time":"2012-01-19T00:49:36Z","timestamp":1326934176000},"page":"612-617","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Emerging Pediatric HIV Epidemic Related to Migration"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Douglas W.","family":"MacPherson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Migration Health Consultants Inc., Cheltenham, Ontario, Canada;McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Militza","family":"Zencovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Gushulak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Migration Health Consultants Inc., Cheltenham, Ontario, Canada;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1822","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R1","unstructured":"United Nations Joint Programme on HIV\/AIDS and World Health Organization. AIDS epidemic update [ISBN 92 9173390 3]. Geneva: the Organization; 2004."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R2","first-page":"665","article-title":"Unexplained immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in infants\u2014New York, New Jersey, California.","volume":"31","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1982","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R3","unstructured":"European Centre for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS. HIV\/AIDS surveillance in Europe. End-year report 2003\u20132004. 2004 Nov [cited 2005 Jul 10]. Available from http:\/\/www.eurohiv.org\/reports\/report_70\/pdf\/report_eurohiv_70.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R4","unstructured":"Department of State. The link between HIV\/AIDS and trafficking in persons. Trafficking in persons report. 2005 Jun [cited 2005 Oct 10]. Available from http:\/\/www.state.gov\/g\/tip\/rls\/tiprpt\/2005\/46611.htm"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R5","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. The federal initiative to address HIV\/AIDS in Canada. Ministerial Council on HIV\/AIDS. Annual report 2002\u20132003. [cited 2005 Jul 10]. Available from http:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/aids-sida\/hiv_aids\/federal_initiative\/ministerial\/annual_02.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R6","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. At a glance: HIV\/AIDS surveillance to 30 June 2004. 2004 Dec 1 [cited 2005 Jul 10]. Available from http:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/publicat\/ccdr-rmtc\/04vol30\/dr3023ea.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R7","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. HIV\/AIDS epi update\u2014May 2004. Perinatal transmission of HIV. [cited 2005 Jul 10]. Available at: http:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/publicat\/epiu-aepi\/epi_update_may_04\/7_e.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R8","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. HIV\/AIDS epi update. Perinatal transmission of HIV. 2003 Apr [cited 2005 Oct 2]. Available from http:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/publicat\/epiu-aepi\/hiv-vih\/peri_e.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200311010-00013","article-title":"Characteristics of HIV-infected women who do not receive preventive antiretroviral therapy in the French Perinatal Cohort.","volume":"34","author":"Mayaux","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R10","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Prenatal HIV testing and antiretroviral prophylaxis at an urban hospital\u2014Atlanta, Georgia, 1997\u20132000.","volume":"52","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R11","first-page":"144","article-title":"MTCT programs work in a variety of ways. UNAIDS, others working to help pregnant women.","volume":"16","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aids Alert"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R12","unstructured":"Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Immigration health policy and standards (HMP)\u2014OP 02-04, IP 02-01, PE 02-03. Routine HIV testing, medical services (HMD). 2002 Jan 15."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R13","unstructured":"Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Designated medical practitioner handbook. Section 6: conducting an immigration medical examination. [cited 2006 Feb 8] Available from http:\/\/www.cic.gc.ca\/english\/pub\/dmp%2Dhandbook\/index.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R14","unstructured":"Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Designated countries\/territories list. [cited 2005 Jul 10]. Available from http:\/\/www.cic.gc.ca\/english\/visit\/dcl.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R15","unstructured":"Department of Justice Canada. Consolidated statutes and regulations. Privacy Act, chapter P-21. [cited 2006 Feb 8]. Available from http:\/\/laws.justice.gc.ca\/en\/p-21\/text.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R16","unstructured":"Department of Justice Canada. Consolidated statutes and regulations. Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act. [cited 2005 Jul 10]. Available from http:\/\/laws.justice.gc.ca\/en\/p-8.6\/91355.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R17","unstructured":"Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Immigrants and Refugee Protection Act. [cited 2005 Oct 2]. Available from http:\/\/www.cic.gc.ca\/english\/irpa\/"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R18","unstructured":"Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Policy and program manuals. OP 1 procedures. [cited 2005 Oct 10]. Available from http:\/\/www.cic.gc.ca\/manuals-guides\/english\/op\/op01e.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R19","unstructured":"United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Convention and protocol relating to the status of refugees. 1951 [cited 2005 Jul 10]. Available at: http:\/\/www.unhcr.ch\/cgi-bin\/texis\/vtx\/home?page= PROTECT&id=3c0762ea4&ID=3c0762ea4&PUBLISHER=TWO"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009581817682","article-title":"Health issues associated with the smuggling and trafficking of migrants.","volume":"2","author":"Gushulak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immigr Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R21","unstructured":"MacPherson DW, Gushulak BD. Global migration perspectives. Irregular migration and health. [cited 2005 Jul 10]. Available from http:\/\/www.gcim.org\/gmp\/Global%20Migration%20Perspectives%20No%207.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R22","unstructured":"Citizenship and Immigration Canada. First statistics under Canada\u2014U.S. Safe Third Country agreement show decline in refugee claimants. [cited 2005 Oct 2]. Available from http:\/\/www.cic.gc.ca\/english\/policy\/safe%2Dthird%2Dstats.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R23","unstructured":"Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Facts and figures 2004. Immigration overview: temporary residents. [cited 2005 Oct 10]. Available from http:\/\/www.cic.gc.ca\/english\/pub\/facts2004\/temporary\/1.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1258\/095646206779307469","article-title":"Immigration medical screening and human immuno-deficiency virus infection in Canada.","author":"Zencovich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R25","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Epidemiological fact sheets by country. [cited 2006 Feb 8]. Available from http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/epidemiology\/pubfacts\/en\/"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R26","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Epidemiological fact sheets on HIV\/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections. Canada. [cited 2006 Feb 8]. Available from http:\/\/www.who.int\/GlobalAtlas\/predefinedReports\/EFS2004\/EFS_PDFs\/EFS2004_CA.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R27","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Canada's demographic situation: fertility of immigrant women. 2003 Dec 22 [cited 2005 Jul 10]. Available from http:\/\/www.statcan.ca\/Daily\/English\/031222\/d031222c.htm"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1023\/B:AIBE.0000017523.39818.88","article-title":"Who and why? HIV-testing refusal during pregnancy: implication for pediatric HIV epidemic disparity.","volume":"8","author":"Aynalem","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022999507903","article-title":"The \"demon plague\" and access to care among Asian undocumented immigrants living with HIV disease in New York City.","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immigr Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R30","unstructured":"Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Immigrant and Refugee Protection Act. Statutes of Canada 2001. Chapter 27. [cited 2005 Jul 10]. Available from http:\/\/www.cic.gc.ca\/english\/pdf\/pub\/C-11_4.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R31","unstructured":"UNHCR. Refugees, HIV and AIDS: UNHCR's strategic plan 2005\u20132007. 2005 [cited 2006 Feb 8]. Available from http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/cgi-bin\/texis\/vtx\/publ\/opendoc.pdf?tbl=PUBL&id=42f31d492"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R32","unstructured":"Canada Gazette. Immigration and refugee protection regulations. 2002 Jun 14 [cited 2005 Jul 10]. Available from http:\/\/canadagazette.gc.ca\/partII\/2002\/20020614-x\/html\/sor227-e.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendations for prevention and control of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons. Report of the Working Group on Tuberculosis Among Foreign-Born Persons.","volume":"47","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1998","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R34","unstructured":"UNAIDS\/IOM statement on HIV\/AIDS-related travel restrictions. 2004 Jun 1 [cited 2008 Feb 8]. Available from http:\/\/www.iom.int\/en\/PDF_Files\/HIVAIDS\/UNAIDS_IOM_statement_travel_restrictions.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7435.298","article-title":"Compulsory screening of immigrants for tuberculosis and HIV.","volume":"328","author":"Cocker","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R36","unstructured":"World Health Organization and US Department of Health and Human Services\u2013Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) generic training package. [cited 2006 Feb 8]. Available from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchstp\/od\/gap\/PMTCT\/"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R37","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants. Guidelines on care, treatment and support for women living with HIV\/AIDS and their children in resource-constrained settings [monograph on the Internet]. 2004 [cited 2006 Feb 8]. Available from http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/mtct\/en\/arvdrugswomenguidelinesfinal.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid1204.051025-201201180500-R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.115","article-title":"Malaria, intestinal parasites, and schistosomiasis among Barawan Somali refugees resettling to the United States: a strategy to reduce morbidity and decrease the risk of imported infections.","volume":"62","author":"Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/12\/4\/05-1025_article","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T14:11:50Z","timestamp":1732630310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/12\/4\/05-1025_article.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1204.051025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]}}}