{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T13:05:15Z","timestamp":1774443915543,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.3201\/eid2503.181518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T20:35:06Z","timestamp":1546461306000},"page":"529-537","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Increased Risk for Invasive Group A<i>Streptococcus<\/i>Disease for Household Contacts of Scarlet Fever Cases, England, 2011\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Vicky","family":"Watts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sooria","family":"Balasegaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin S.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanna","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Mearkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derren","family":"Ready","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Saliba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Lamagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1822","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30693-X","article-title":"Resurgence of scarlet fever in England, 2014-16: a population-based surveillance study.","volume":"18","author":"Lamagni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20749","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.12.20749","article-title":"Increase in scarlet fever notifications in the United Kingdom, 2013\/2014.","volume":"19","author":"Guy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R3","unstructured":"ProMED-mail.Streptococcus,group A, scarlet fever\u2013Vietnam. ProMed 2009 Jun 20 [cited 2018 Sep 18]. https:\/\/www.promedmail.org\/post\/223706"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R4","unstructured":"Efstratiou A, Lamagni T. Epidemiology ofStreptococcus pyogenes. In: Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA, editors.Streptococcus pyogenes: basic biology to clinical manifestations. Oklahoma City (OK): University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2016 [cited 2018 Dec 5]. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK343616\/"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1810.111900","article-title":"Scarlet fever epidemic, Hong Kong, 2011.","volume":"18","author":"Luk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30464-X","article-title":"A 12 year outbreak of scarlet fever in Singapore.","volume":"18","author":"Yung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30275-5","article-title":"The resurgence of scarlet fever in China.","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.01.010","article-title":"Scarlet fever epidemic in China caused by Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M12: epidemiologic and molecular analysis.","volume":"28","author":"You","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.20.101.2","article-title":"A century of changes in the mortality and incidence of the principal infections of childhood.","volume":"20","author":"Gale","year":"1945","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R10","first-page":"e000059","article-title":"Emergence of a novel lineage containing a prophage in emm\/M3 group A Streptococcus associated with upsurge in invasive disease in the UK.","volume":"2","author":"Al-Shahib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3603-z","article-title":"Genome analysis following a national increase in Scarlet Fever in England 2014.","volume":"18","author":"Chalker","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu752","article-title":"Global assessment of invasive group a streptococcus infection risk in household contacts.","volume":"60","author":"Lamagni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30532","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.19.30532","article-title":"Household transmission of invasive group A Streptococcus infections in England: a population-based study, 2009, 2011 to 2013.","volume":"22","author":"Mearkle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R14","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Postal geography [cited 2018 Aug 13]. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/methodology\/geography\/ukgeographies\/postalgeography"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R15","unstructured":"Demographic Analysis Unit, Office for National Statistics. Number of households and number of people within households containing at least one child aged 0 to 10, England, 2011 to 2017 [cited 2018 Aug 7]. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/families\/adhocs\/008318numberofhouseholdsandnumberofpeoplewithinhouseholdscontainingatleastonechildaged0to10england2011to2017"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R16","unstructured":"Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. English indices of deprivation 2015 [cited 2014 Aug 13]. http:\/\/imd-by-postcode.opendatacommunities.org"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R17","unstructured":"Departments for Communities and Local Government. The English indices of deprivation 2015: frequently asked questions [cited 2018 Nov 6]. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/579151\/English_Indices_of_Deprivation_2015_-_Frequently_Asked_Questions_Dec_2016.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R18","unstructured":"Age Concern UK. 5 million grandparents take on childcare responsibilities [cited 2018 Jul 25]. https:\/\/www.ageuk.org.uk\/latest-news\/articles\/2017\/september\/five-million-grandparents-take-on-childcare-responsibilities\/"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piu030","article-title":"The group A streptococcal carrier state reviewed: still an enigma.","volume":"3","author":"DeMuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R20","first-page":"354","article-title":"Interim UK guidelines for management of close community contacts of invasive group A streptococcal disease.","volume":"7","author":"Health Protection Agency, Group A Streptococcus Working Group","year":"2004","journal-title":"Commun Dis Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00567.x","article-title":"Transmission of Streptococcus pyogenes causing successive infections in a family.","volume":"9","author":"Maz\u00f3n","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549709019035","article-title":"The role of household contacts in the transmission of group A streptococci.","volume":"29","author":"Falck","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R23","unstructured":"Martin J. TheStreptococcus pyogenescarrier state. In: Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA, editors.Streptococcus pyogenes: basic biology to clinical manifestations. Oklahoma City (OK): University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2016 [cited 2018 Dec 5]. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK374206"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R24","unstructured":"Action Medical Research for Children. Scarlet fever: reducing the spread of infection to help lower the risk of more serious life-threatening diseases [cited 2018 Jul 28]. https:\/\/www.action.org.uk\/our-research\/scarlet-fever-reducing-spread-infection-help-lower-risk-more-serious-life-threatening"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2014.04.007","article-title":"Outbreak of invasive group A streptococcus infection: contaminated patient curtains and cross-infection on an ear, nose and throat ward.","volume":"87","author":"Mahida","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.11.001","article-title":"Guidelines for prevention and control of group A streptococcal infection in acute healthcare and maternity settings in the UK.","volume":"64","author":"Steer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R27","first-page":"944","article-title":"Outbreak of invasive group A Streptococcus associated with varicella in a childcare center \u2014 Boston, Massachusetts, 1997.","volume":"46","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1997","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(95)90160-4","article-title":"A nursing home outbreak of group A streptococcal infection: case control study of environmental contamination.","volume":"30","author":"Sarangi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01310-13","article-title":"Biofilm formation enhances fomite survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes.","volume":"82","author":"Marks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-130","article-title":"How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review.","volume":"6","author":"Kramer","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001674","article-title":"Estimating the risk of invasive group A Streptococcus infection in care home residents in England, 2009-2010.","volume":"145","author":"Saavedra-Campos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814002489","article-title":"The cost of hospital care for management of invasive group A streptococcal infections in England.","volume":"143","author":"Hughes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.070888","article-title":"Severe Streptococcus pyogenes infections, United Kingdom, 2003-2004.","volume":"14","author":"Lamagni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyrrell GJ, Fathima S, Kakulphimp J, Bell C. Increasing rates of invasive group A streptococcal disease in Alberta, Canada, 2003\u20132017. Open Form Infect Dis. 2018 [cited 2018 Dec 5]. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ofid\/article\/5\/8\/ofy177\/5056739","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy177"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/4.1.73","article-title":"Invasive group A streptococcal infections.","volume":"4","year":"1999","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2503.181518-201902162241-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13095","article-title":"Have reducing tonsillectomy rates in England led to increasing incidence of invasive Group A Streptococcus infections in children?","volume":"43","author":"Banigo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/25\/3\/18-1518_article","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T17:27:54Z","timestamp":1732987674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/25\/3\/18-1518_article.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2503.181518","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}}}