{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T19:28:44Z","timestamp":1784143724278,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"DOI":"10.3201\/eid2508.180761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T11:00:54Z","timestamp":1562670054000},"page":"1461-1468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Associated with Packaged Leafy Green Salads, United States and Canada, 2015\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Julie L.","family":"Self","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Stroika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alikeh","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Whitlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Beal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Wellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne K.","family":"Fatica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Bidol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Pennell","family":"Huth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Hamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristyn","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorelee","family":"Tschetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Kopko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope","family":"Kirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Basler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1822","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States\u2014major pathogens.","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S396","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis268","article-title":"Invasive listeriosis in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2004-2009: further targeted prevention needed for higher-risk groups.","volume":"54","author":"Silk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R3","first-page":"448","article-title":"Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks\u2014United States, 2009-2011.","volume":"62","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Listeria monocytogenesinfections (listeriosis). In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, editors. Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 30th ed. Elk Grove Village (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics; 2015. p. 513\u20136.","DOI":"10.1542\/9781581109276-Listeria"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.05.011","article-title":"The epidemiology of human listeriosis.","volume":"9","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw569","article-title":"Assessment of the incubation period for invasive listeriosis.","volume":"63","author":"Angelo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198301273080407","article-title":"Epidemic listeriosis\u2014evidence for transmission by food.","volume":"308","author":"Schlech","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-387","article-title":"Fresh produce\u2013associated listeriosis outbreaks, sources of concern, teachable moments, and insights.","volume":"79","author":"Garner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1086\/498113","article-title":"Multistate outbreak of Listeriosis linked to turkey deli meat and subsequent changes in US regulatory policy.","volume":"42","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00375","article-title":"A Comparative analysis of the Lyve-SET phylogenomics pipeline for genomic epidemiology of foodborne pathogens.","volume":"8","author":"Katz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R11","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. TheListeriainitiative [cited 2017 Mar 24]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/listeria\/surveillance\/listeria-initiative.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1901.120393","article-title":"Listeriosis outbreaks and associated food vehicles, United States, 1998-2008.","volume":"19","author":"Cartwright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1086\/509920","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes infection from foods prepared in a commercial establishment: a case-control study of potential sources of sporadic illness in the United States.","volume":"44","author":"Varma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"w14203","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2015.14203","article-title":"Case-case studies: an innovative tool in the field of outbreak investigation.","volume":"145","author":"Mayet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215837","article-title":"Multistate outbreak of listeriosis associated with cantaloupe.","volume":"369","author":"McCollum","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813001787","article-title":"Outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype I 4,5,12:i:- infections: the challenges of hypothesis generation and microwave cooking.","volume":"142","author":"Mody","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816003083","article-title":"Multistate outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes infections linked to whole apples used in commercially produced, prepackaged caramel apples: United States, 2014-2015.","volume":"145","author":"Angelo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00501-8","article-title":"PulseNet standardized protocol for subtyping Listeria monocytogenes by macrorestriction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.","volume":"65","author":"Graves","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000116","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000116","article-title":"SNVPhyl: a single nucleotide variant phylogenomics pipeline for microbial genomic epidemiology.","volume":"3","author":"Petkau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a6","article-title":"Notes from the field: outbreak of listeriosis associated with consumption of packaged salad\u2014United States and Canada, 2015\u20132016.","volume":"65","author":"Self","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R21","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Letter to Coral Beach regarding FDA form 483. Food Safety News [cited 2018 Apr 5]. http:\/\/www.foodsafetynews.com\/files\/2016\/04\/Dole-483-04-25-16.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R22","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Recalls, market withdrawals, and safety alerts. Dole Fresh Vegetables announces voluntary withdrawal for salads [cited 2017 Mar 24]. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/safety\/recalls\/ucm482822.htm"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R23","unstructured":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Food recall warning. Certain Dole brand pre-packaged chopped salads, salad blends and kits and leafy greens and certain PC Organics brand leafy greens recalled due toListeria monocytogenes[cited 2017 Oct 13]. http:\/\/www.inspection.gc.ca\/about-the-cfia\/newsroom\/food-recall-warnings\/complete-listing\/2016-01-22c\/eng\/1453522915084\/1453522920123"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R24","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recall and advice to consumers, restaurants, and retailers. Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to packaged salads produced at Springfield, Ohio Dole processing facility [cited 2017 Mar 24]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/listeria\/outbreaks\/bagged-salads-01-16\/advice-consumers.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R25","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Public health notice update: Outbreak ofListeriainfections linked to packaged salad products produced at the Dole processing facility in Springfield, Ohio [cited 2017 Oct 13]. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/public-health-notices\/2016\/public-health-notice-update-outbreak-listeria-infections-linked-packaged-salad-products-produced-dole-processing-facility-springfield-ohio.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R26","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to packaged salads produced at Springfield, Ohio Dole processing facility [cited 2017 Mar 24]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/listeria\/outbreaks\/bagged-salads-01-16\/index.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R27","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Recalls, market withdrawals, and safety alerts: Dole statement regarding voluntary recall of salads processed at the Springfield, Ohio facility [cited 2017 Mar 24]. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Safety\/Recalls\/ucm483588.htm"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R28","unstructured":"Dole Food Company, Inc. United States Securities and Exchange Commission form S-1: registration statement, 2017 [cited 2017 May 17]. https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/18169\/000119312517134852\/d374342ds1.htm"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0176912","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176912","article-title":"A clade of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b variant strains linked to recent listeriosis outbreaks associated with produce from a defined geographic region in the US.","volume":"12","author":"Burall","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02140-16","article-title":"Singleton ST382, an emerging clonal group of Listeria monocytogenes associated with three multistate outbreaks linked to contaminated stone fruit, caramel apples and leafy green salad.","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1990.tb05222.x","article-title":"Survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes on lettuce as influenced by shredding, chlorine treatment, modified atmosphere packaging and temperature.","volume":"55","author":"Beuchat","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.6.1238","article-title":"Efficacy of chlorine and a peroxyacetic acid sanitizer in killing Listeria monocytogenes on iceberg and Romaine lettuce using simulated commercial processing conditions.","volume":"67","author":"Beuchat","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.07.041","article-title":"Growth capacity of Listeria monocytogenes in ingredients of ready-to-eat salads.","volume":"60","author":"Lokerse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-65.3.459","article-title":"Survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ready-to-eat iceberg lettuce washed in warm chlorinated water.","volume":"65","author":"Delaquis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2007.05.014","article-title":"Growth of Listeria monocytogenes on shredded, ready-to-eat iceberg lettuce.","volume":"19","author":"Carrasco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2008.0142","article-title":"Precut prepackaged lettuce: a risk for listeriosis?","volume":"5","author":"Hanning","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.01.028","article-title":"Development of a hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate the growth parameters of Listeria monocytogenes in minimally processed fresh leafy salads.","volume":"131","author":"Cr\u00e9pet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-479","article-title":"Growth potential of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat lettuce and collard greens packaged under modified atmosphere and in perforated film.","volume":"76","author":"Sant\u2019Ana","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.09.003","article-title":"Efficacy of household washing treatments for the control of Listeria monocytogenes on salad vegetables.","volume":"159","author":"Nastou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kornacki JL, Gurtler JB. Incidence and control ofListeriain food processing facilities. In: Ryser ET, Marth EH, editors. Listeria, listeriosis, and food safety. 3rd ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2007. p. 681\u2013766 [cited 2019 May 7]. http:\/\/www.crcnetbase.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1201\/9781420015188.ch17","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420015188.ch17"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00031.x","article-title":"Outbreaks associated with fresh produce: incidence, growth, and survival of pathogens in fresh and fresh-cut produce.","volume":"2","author":"Harris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1990.tb02561.x","article-title":"Growth of Listeria monocytogenes at refrigeration temperatures.","volume":"68","author":"Walker","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Bacteriol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.005","article-title":"Review\u2014Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in food industry equipment and premises.","volume":"145","author":"Carpentier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-384","article-title":"Use of whole genome sequencing and patient interviews to link a case of sporadic listeriosis to consumption of prepackaged lettuce.","volume":"79","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R45","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Draft guidance: control ofListeria monocytogenesin ready-to-eat foods: guidance for industry [cited 2018 Mar 30]. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Food\/GuidanceRegulation\/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation\/CM535981.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R46","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture. Choose my plate [cited 2017 Mar 15]. https:\/\/www.choosemyplate.gov\/MyPlate"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R47","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fruit and vegetable safety [cited 2017 May 1]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/features\/foodsafetyquiz\/index.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R48","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. Produce: selecting and serving it safely [cited 2017 May 1]. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/resourcesforyou\/consumers\/ucm114299"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.05.074","article-title":"The role of the consumer in the reduction of Listeria monocytogenes in lettuces by washing at home.","volume":"29","author":"Dom\u00e9nech","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2508.180761-201907121030-R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2005.02.002","article-title":"Effect of temperature and chlorination of pre-washing water on shelf-life and physiological properties of ready-to-use iceberg lettuce.","volume":"6","author":"Baur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/25\/8\/18-0761_article","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T17:29:33Z","timestamp":1732987773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/25\/8\/18-0761_article.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2508.180761","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}}}