{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:46:36Z","timestamp":1790624796797,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.3201\/eid2605.190994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T11:48:30Z","timestamp":1580989710000},"page":"967-975","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":188,"title":["Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings\u2014Personal Protective and Environmental Measures"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunice Y. C.","family":"Shiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizhi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica Y.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min W.","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukhyun","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Cowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1822","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31274-6","article-title":"Novel influenza A viruses and pandemic threats.","volume":"389","author":"Uyeki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.1.47","article-title":"Survival of influenza viruses on environmental surfaces.","volume":"146","author":"Bean","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S783","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0302.focus","article-title":"Aerosol transmission of influenza A virus: a review of new studies.","volume":"6","author":"Tellier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L; Health Care Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. 2007 guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings: Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2007.10.007"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Comparative analysis of national pandemic influenza preparedness plans, 2011 [cited 2019 Jun 25]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/influenza\/resources\/documents\/comparative_analysis_php_2011_en.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.03.017","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 7. Rating the quality of evidence\u2014inconsistency.","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables.","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881400003X","article-title":"Hand hygiene and risk of influenza virus infections in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"142","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1086\/650396","article-title":"Mask use, hand hygiene, and seasonal influenza-like illness among young adults: a randomized intervention trial.","volume":"201","author":"Aiello","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029744","article-title":"Facemasks, hand hygiene, and influenza among young adults: a randomized intervention trial.","volume":"7","author":"Aiello","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-7-200910060-00142","article-title":"Facemasks and hand hygiene to prevent influenza transmission in households: a cluster randomized trial.","volume":"151","author":"Cowling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2101","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002101","article-title":"Preliminary findings of a randomized trial of non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent influenza transmission in households.","volume":"3","author":"Cowling","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491012500206","article-title":"Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on URIs and influenza in crowded, urban households.","volume":"125","author":"Larson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0125200","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125200","article-title":"Impact of intensive handwashing promotion on secondary household influenza-like illness in rural bangladesh: findings from a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"10","author":"Ram","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00205.x","article-title":"Findings from a household randomized controlled trial of hand washing and face masks to reduce influenza transmission in Bangkok, Thailand.","volume":"5","author":"Simmerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182218656","article-title":"Reduction in the incidence of influenza A but not influenza B associated with use of hand sanitizer and cough hygiene in schools: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"30","author":"Stebbins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-26","article-title":"The role of facemasks and hand hygiene in the prevention of influenza transmission in households: results from a cluster randomised trial; Berlin, Germany, 2009-2011.","volume":"12","author":"Suess","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1704.101353","article-title":"Effects of hand hygiene campaigns on incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza and absenteeism in schoolchildren, Cairo, Egypt.","volume":"17","author":"Talaat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2013.09.001","article-title":"Household transmission of influenza A and B in a school-based study of non-pharmaceutical interventions.","volume":"5","author":"Azman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12204","article-title":"Increased hand washing reduces influenza virus surface contamination in Bangkok households, 2009-2010.","volume":"8","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.09.006","article-title":"Survival of influenza virus on hands and fomites in community and laboratory settings.","volume":"40","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.017","article-title":"Controlling the novel A (H1N1) influenza virus: don\u2019t touch your face!","volume":"73","author":"Macias","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1086\/656581","article-title":"Influenza virus contamination of common household surfaces during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in Bangkok, Thailand: implications for contact transmission.","volume":"51","author":"Simmerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1086\/595845","article-title":"Efficacy of soap and water and alcohol-based hand-rub preparations against live H1N1 influenza virus on the hands of human volunteers.","volume":"48","author":"Grayson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.10.016","article-title":"Analysis of alcohol-based hand sanitizer delivery systems: efficacy of foam, gel, and wipes against influenza A (H1N1) virus on hands.","volume":"40","author":"Larson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.124610","article-title":"Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: a meta-analysis.","volume":"98","author":"Aiello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(08)60010-9","article-title":"Hand disinfection: how irritant are alcohols?","volume":"70","author":"L\u00f6ffler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68431-6","article-title":"Muslim health-care workers and alcohol-based handrubs.","volume":"367","author":"Ahmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010217","article-title":"Improving adherence to hand hygiene practice: a multidisciplinary approach.","volume":"7","author":"Pittet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R30","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Respiratory hygiene\/cough etiquette in healthcare settings, 2009 [cited 2019 Jul 8]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/professionals\/infectioncontrol\/resphygiene.htm"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-811","article-title":"Effectiveness of cough etiquette maneuvers in disrupting the chain of transmission of infectious respiratory diseases.","volume":"13","author":"Zayas","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2012.00602.x","article-title":"Protective practices and respiratory illness among US travelers to the 2009 Hajj.","volume":"19","author":"Balaban","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526514666141021112855","article-title":"Pilot randomised controlled trial to test effectiveness of facemasks in preventing influenza-like illness transmission among Australian Hajj pilgrims in 2011.","volume":"14","author":"Barasheed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1502.081166","article-title":"Face mask use and control of respiratory virus transmission in households.","volume":"15","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e012330","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012330","article-title":"Cluster randomised controlled trial to examine medical mask use as source control for people with respiratory illness.","volume":"6","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R36","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Masks and N95 respirators, 2018 [cited 2019 Jul 10]. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medicaldevices\/productsandmedicalprocedures\/generalhospitaldevicesandsupplies\/personalprotectiveequipment\/ucm055977.htm"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R37","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Respirator fact sheet, 2012 [cited 2019 Jul 10]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npptl\/topics\/respirators\/factsheets\/respsars.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3396\/IJIC.v9i3.020.13","article-title":"Use of cloth masks in the practice of infection control\u2014evidence and policy gaps.","volume":"9","author":"Chughtai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Infect Control."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R39","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Advice on the use of masks in the community setting in Influenza A (H1N1) outbreaks, 2009 [cited 2019 Jul 10]. http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/resources\/publications\/Adviceusemaskscommunityrevised.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102701","article-title":"Domestic use of bleach and infections in children: a multicentre cross-sectional study.","volume":"72","author":"Casas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2014.10.007","article-title":"Effect of cleaning and disinfection of toys on infectious diseases and micro-organisms in daycare nurseries.","volume":"89","author":"Ibfelt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1555","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2597","article-title":"Reducing absenteeism from gastrointestinal and respiratory illness in elementary school students: a randomized, controlled trial of an infection-control intervention.","volume":"121","author":"Sandora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.10.016","article-title":"The survival of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus on 4 household surfaces.","volume":"42","author":"Oxford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7769","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02144-12","article-title":"Residual viral and bacterial contamination of surfaces after cleaning and disinfection.","volume":"78","author":"Tuladhar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1699","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081699","article-title":"Transmission of influenza A in a student office based on realistic person-to-person contact and surface touch behaviour.","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000563","article-title":"Controversy around airborne versus droplet transmission of respiratory viruses: implication for infection prevention.","volume":"32","author":"Shiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180298","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0298","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the effect of humidity on airborne influenza virus survival, transmission and incidence.","volume":"16","author":"Marr","year":"2019","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0204337","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204337","article-title":"Humidity as a non-pharmaceutical intervention for influenza A.","volume":"13","author":"Reiman","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.179","article-title":"Potential impact of a ventilation intervention for influenza in the context of a dense indoor contact network in Hong Kong.","volume":"569-570","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190994-202004151529-R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06960-11","article-title":"Aerosol susceptibility of influenza virus to UV-C light.","volume":"78","author":"McDevitt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/26\/5\/19-0994_article","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T12:33:35Z","timestamp":1732970015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/26\/5\/19-0994_article.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2605.190994","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}}}