{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:52:57Z","timestamp":1790639577991,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.3201\/eid2605.190995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T12:25:40Z","timestamp":1580991940000},"page":"976-984","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":508,"title":["Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings\u2014Social Distancing Measures"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Min W.","family":"Fong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizhi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica Y.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunice Y.C.","family":"Shiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukhyun","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Cowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1822","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pandemic influenza, 2019 [cited 2019 Jul 7]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/pandemic-resources\/index.htm"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5446-1","article-title":"Effectiveness of workplace social distancing measures in reducing influenza transmission: a systematic review.","volume":"18","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R3","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guide to public health measures to reduce the impact of influenza pandemics in Europe: The ECDC Menu. Stockholm: The Centre; 2009."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6601a1","article-title":"Community mitigation guidelines to prevent pandemic influenza\u2014United States, 2017.","volume":"66","author":"Qualls","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1201.051370","article-title":"Non-pharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, international measures.","volume":"12","author":"Bell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.6.644","article-title":"Nonpharmaceutical interventions implemented by US cities during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic.","volume":"298","author":"Markel","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2007.1197","article-title":"Quantifying social distancing arising from pandemic influenza.","volume":"5","author":"Caley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.04.021","article-title":"Combined interventions for mitigation of an influenza A (H1N1) 2009 outbreak in a physical training camp in Beijing, China.","volume":"60","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2008.07.009","article-title":"Summer influenza outbreak in a home for the elderly: application of preventive measures.","volume":"70","author":"Gaillat","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12240","article-title":"Assessing the impact of public health interventions on the transmission of pandemic H1N1 influenza a virus aboard a Peruvian navy ship.","volume":"8","author":"Vera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6146","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307506101","article-title":"Factors that make an infectious disease outbreak controllable.","volume":"101","author":"Fraser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R12","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza (flu) preventive steps, 2018 [cited 2019 Jul 7]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/prevent\/prevention.htm"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0911530","article-title":"Comparative epidemiology of pandemic and seasonal influenza A in households.","volume":"362","author":"Cowling","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490912400205","article-title":"Does influenza transmission occur from asymptomatic infection or prior to symptom onset?","volume":"124","author":"Patrozou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030361","article-title":"Reducing the impact of the next influenza pandemic using household-based public health interventions.","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616438114","article-title":"Comparing nonpharmaceutical interventions for containing emerging epidemics.","volume":"114","author":"Peak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8356","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008356","article-title":"Breaking the waves: modelling the potential impact of public health measures to defer the epidemic peak of novel influenza A\/H1N1.","volume":"4","author":"An der Heiden","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.10-0024-FS","article-title":"An effective quarantine measure reduced the total incidence of influenza A H1N1 in the workplace: another way to control the H1N1 flu pandemic.","volume":"53","author":"Miyaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3023.2011","article-title":"Airport quarantine inspection, follow-up observation, and the prevention of pandemic influenza.","volume":"82","author":"Fujita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4690","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10104690","article-title":"Was mandatory quarantine necessary in China for controlling the 2009 H1N1 pandemic?","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1709.101948","article-title":"Intrahousehold transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, Victoria, Australia.","volume":"17","author":"van Gemert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.070927","article-title":"Protective effect of maritime quarantine in South Pacific jurisdictions, 1918-19 influenza pandemic.","volume":"14","author":"McLeod","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04795","article-title":"Strategies for mitigating an influenza pandemic.","volume":"442","author":"Ferguson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R24","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ethical considerations in developing a public health response to pandemic influenza. Report no. WHO\/CDS\/EPR\/GIP\/2007.2. Geneva: The Organization; 2007."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70069-6","article-title":"Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: a systematic review.","volume":"9","author":"Lessler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.097303","article-title":"Encouraging compliance with quarantine: a proposal to provide job security and income replacement.","volume":"97","author":"Rothstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002149","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002149","article-title":"School closures and influenza: systematic review of epidemiological studies.","volume":"3","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70176-8","article-title":"Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic.","volume":"9","author":"Cauchemez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7588","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611071104","article-title":"The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities.","volume":"104","author":"Bootsma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181f20977","article-title":"The effective reproduction number of pandemic influenza: prospective estimation.","volume":"21","author":"Cowling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1603.091216","article-title":"School closure and mitigation of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Hong Kong.","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0144839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144839","article-title":"Substantial impact of school closure on the transmission dynamics during the pandemic flu H1N1\u20132009 in Oita, Japan.","volume":"10","author":"Kawano","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R33","first-page":"204","article-title":"Evaluation of strategies for control and prevention of pandemic influenza (H1N1pdm) in Japanese children attending school in a rural town. Simulation using mathematical models.","volume":"60","author":"Sato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177672","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177672","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of common control measures for influenza A (H1N1) outbreak at school in China: A modeling study.","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300060518764268","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518764268","article-title":"Simulation of key interventions for seasonal influenza outbreak control at school in Changsha, China.","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008895108","article-title":"Role of social networks in shaping disease transmission during a community outbreak of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza.","volume":"108","author":"Cauchemez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2934-3","article-title":"The impact of regular school closure on seasonal influenza epidemics: a data-driven spatial transmission model for Belgium.","volume":"18","author":"Luca","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20141244","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.1244","article-title":"Joint modelling of serological and hospitalization data reveals that high levels of pre-existing immunity and school holidays shaped the influenza A pandemic of 2009 in the Netherlands.","volume":"12","author":"Te Beest","year":"2015","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18238","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103002108","article-title":"Bayesian modeling to unmask and predict influenza A\/H1N1pdm dynamics in London.","volume":"108","author":"Birrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2007.130967","article-title":"Rates of influenza-like illness and winter school breaks, Chile, 2004-2010.","volume":"20","author":"Chowell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013159","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013159","article-title":"Effects of school breaks on influenza-like illness incidence in a temperate Chinese region: an ecological study from 2008 to 2015.","volume":"7","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2019.100348","article-title":"School dismissal as a pandemic influenza response: When, where and for how long?","volume":"28","author":"Germann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812594116","article-title":"A collaborative multiyear, multimodel assessment of seasonal influenza forecasting in the United States.","volume":"116","author":"Reich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001076","article-title":"Potential economic benefits of paid sick leave in reducing absenteeism related to the spread of influenza-like illness.","volume":"59","author":"Asfaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0170698","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170698","article-title":"Paid sick days and stay-at-home behavior for influenza.","volume":"12","author":"Piper","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.10.039","article-title":"Paid sick leave benefits, influenza vaccination, and taking sick days due to influenza-like illness among U.S. workers.","volume":"36","author":"Zhai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2601.190743","article-title":"Paid leave and access to telework as work attendance determinants during acute respiratory illness, United States, 2017\u20132018.","volume":"26","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7582","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610941104","article-title":"Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic.","volume":"104","author":"Hatchett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R49","first-page":"10","article-title":"An influenza outbreak among pilgrims sleeping at a school without purpose built overnight accommodation facilities.","volume":"35","author":"Staff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell Q Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2605.190995-202004151602-R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000340","article-title":"The fraction of influenza virus infections that are asymptomatic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"26","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/26\/5\/19-0995_article","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T12:33:36Z","timestamp":1732970016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/26\/5\/19-0995_article.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2605.190995","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}}}