{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:23:01Z","timestamp":1791469381054,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.201630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T13:40:59Z","timestamp":1598276459000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Enterovirus D68\u2013Associated Acute Flaccid Myelitis, United States, 2020"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kidd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana S.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Konopka-Anstadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Allan","family":"Nix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janell A.","family":"Routh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Steven","family":"Oberste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1822","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-018-0641-x","article-title":"Acute flaccid paralysis and enteroviral infections.","volume":"20","author":"Bitnun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2012.657379","article-title":"MRI findings of neurological complications in hand-foot-mouth disease by enterovirus 71 infection.","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1107.040991","article-title":"West Nile virus-associated flaccid paralysis.","volume":"11","author":"Sejvar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200310000-00002","article-title":"Infectious causes of acute flaccid paralysis.","volume":"16","author":"Solomon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2018.06.003","article-title":"Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated with gray matter predominant transverse myelitis mimicking acute flaccid myelitis: a presentation of two cases.","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.4890","article-title":"Clinical subpopulations in a sample of North American children diagnosed with acute flaccid myelitis, 2012\u20132016.","volume":"173","author":"Elrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00270","article-title":"A longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesion restricted to gray matter in an adolescent male.","volume":"10","author":"Golub","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw372","article-title":"Acute flaccid myelitis in the United States, August\u2013December 2014: results of nationwide surveillance.","volume":"63","author":"Sejvar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20191619","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1619","article-title":"Acute flaccid myelitis in the United States: 2015\u20132017.","volume":"144","author":"Ayers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6827e1","article-title":"Vital Signs: surveillance for acute flaccid myelitis\u2014United States, 2018.","volume":"68","author":"Lopez","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004081","article-title":"Outcomes of Colorado children with acute flaccid myelitis at 1 year.","volume":"89","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.08.009","article-title":"Unmet needs in the evaluation, treatment, and recovery for 167 children affected by acute flaccid myelitis reported by parents through social media.","volume":"102","author":"Bove","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R13","first-page":"903","article-title":"Acute flaccid paralysis with anterior myelitis - California, June 2012-June 2014.","volume":"63","author":"Ayscue","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R14","first-page":"901","article-title":"Acute neurologic illness of unknown etiology in children - Colorado, August-September 2014.","volume":"63","author":"Pastula","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R15","unstructured":"Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists position statement: AFM case definition [cited 2020 May 11]. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nndss\/conditions\/acute-flaccid-myelitis\/case-definition\/2020"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228671","article-title":"A ten-year retrospective evaluation of acute flaccid myelitis at 5 pediatric centers in the United States, 2005-2014.","volume":"15","author":"Cortese","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2602.191453","article-title":"Characteristics of patients with acute flaccid myelitis, United States, 2015\u20132018.","volume":"26","author":"McLaren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00335-5","article-title":"Severe respiratory illness associated with a nationwide outbreak of enterovirus D68 in the USA (2014): a descriptive epidemiological investigation.","volume":"3","author":"Midgley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30094-X","article-title":"Enterovirus D68 and acute flaccid myelitis-evaluating the evidence for causality.","volume":"18","author":"Messacar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01903","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01903-19","article-title":"Antibodies to enteroviruses in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute flaccid myelitis.","volume":"10","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0613-1","article-title":"Pan-viral serology implicates enteroviruses in acute flaccid myelitis.","volume":"25","author":"Schubert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6812a1","article-title":"Enterovirus D68-associated acute respiratory illness\u2014New Vaccine Surveillance Network, United States, July\u2013October, 2017 and 2018.","volume":"68","author":"Kujawski","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6718a2","article-title":"Enterovirus and parechovirus surveilance\u2014United States, 2014\u20132016.","volume":"67","author":"Abedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2208.151949","article-title":"Enterovirus D68 infection in children with acute flaccid myelitis, Colorado, USA, 2014.","volume":"22","author":"Aliabadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006199","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006199","article-title":"A mouse model of paralytic myelitis caused by enterovirus D68.","volume":"13","author":"Hixon","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E58","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020058","article-title":"A mouse model of enterovirus D68 infection for assessment of the efficacy of inactivated vaccine.","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.11.013","article-title":"A neonatal mouse model of Enterovirus D68 infection induces both interstitial pneumonia and acute flaccid myelitis.","volume":"161","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R28","unstructured":"Pallansch MA, Oberste MS, Whitton JL. Enteroviruses: polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. Fields virology. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins; 2013. p. 490\u2013530."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30632-2","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of enterovirus A71 neurological disease during an outbreak in children in Colorado, USA, in 2018: an observational cohort study.","volume":"20","author":"Messacar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troy SB, Maldonado YA. Polioviruses. In: Long SS, Prober CG, Fischer M, eds. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 5th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 1201\u20135.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-40181-4.00235-8"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.181759","article-title":"Increase in enterovirus D68 infections in young children, United Kingdom, 2006\u20132016.","volume":"25","author":"Kamau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2503.180960","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody against enterovirus D68 in children and adults before 2014 outbreak, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.","volume":"25","author":"Harrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.14","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of enterovirus D68 infection in China.","volume":"6","author":"Xiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21894","article-title":"Cellular tropism of human enterovirus D species serotypes EV-94, EV-70, and EV-68 in vitro: implications for pathogenesis.","volume":"82","author":"Smura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat6777","article-title":"Serotype-specific immunity explains the incidence of diseases caused by human enteroviruses.","volume":"361","author":"Pons-Salort","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6824a2","article-title":"Trends in the laboratory detection of rotavirus before and after implementation of routine rotavirus vaccination\u2014United States, 2000\u20132018.","volume":"68","author":"Hallowell","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6836","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of severe dengue disease in humans.","volume":"358","author":"Katzelnick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.AID-0022-2014","article-title":"Dengue antibody-dependent enhancement: knowns and unknowns.","volume":"2","author":"Halstead","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.01.005","article-title":"Mechanisms and results of the antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infections and role in the pathogenesis of coxsackievirus B-induced diseases.","volume":"11","author":"Sauter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1252018","article-title":"Anti-coxsackievirus B4 (CV-B4) enhancing activity of serum associated with increased viral load and pathology in mice reinfected with CV-B4.","volume":"8","author":"Elmastour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-106","article-title":"Antibody dependent enhancement infection of enterovirus 71 in vitro and in vivo.","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01954","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01954-18","article-title":"Contemporary circulating enterovirus D68 strains have acquired the capacity for viral entry and replication in human neuronal cells.","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00578","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00578-19","article-title":"Contemporary circulating enterovirus D68 strains infect and undergo retrograde axonal transport in spinal motor neurons independent of sialic acid.","volume":"93","author":"Hixon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2610.201630-202009171143-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02370","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02370-19","article-title":"Neurotropism of enterovirus D68 isolates is independent of sialic acid and is not a recently acquired phenotype.","volume":"10","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"MBio"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/26\/10\/20-1630_article","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T17:31:00Z","timestamp":1732987860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/26\/10\/20-1630_article.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2610.201630","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}}}