{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T10:42:26Z","timestamp":1772620946091,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.3201\/eid2809.212426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T15:49:30Z","timestamp":1660232970000},"page":"1833-1841","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Detecting <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i> Infection in Children Migrating to Australia"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Laemmle-Ruff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Horyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suman S.","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgia A.","family":"Paxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lila V.","family":"Soares Caplice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret E.","family":"Hellard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Trauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1822","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2020 [cited 2021 May 14]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240013131"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global health estimates 2020: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000\u20132019 [cited 2021 May 14]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/mortality-and-global-health-estimates\/ghe-leading-causes-of-death"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002152","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002152","article-title":"The global burden of latent tuberculosis infection: a re-estimation using mathematical modelling.","volume":"13","author":"Houben","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 1: prevention \u2013 tuberculosis preventive treatment [cited 2021 Jun 7]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240001503"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30166-5","article-title":"The risk of tuberculosis in children after close exposure: a systematic review and individual-participant meta-analysis.","volume":"395","author":"Martinez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R6","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa. Implementing the end TB strategy: the Essentials [cited 2021 Jun 7]. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/206499"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bright A, Denholm J, Coulter C, Waring J, Stapledon R. Tuberculosis notifications in Australia, 2015\u20132018. Commun Dis Intell (2018). 2020;44:44.","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2020.44.88"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.15.0437","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Victoria, Australia, reveals low level of transmission.","volume":"20","author":"Globan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00214014","article-title":"Towards tuberculosis elimination: an action framework for low-incidence countries.","volume":"45","author":"L\u00f6nnroth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R10","first-page":"43","article-title":"The strategic plan for control of tuberculosis in Australia, 2016\u20132020: towards disease elimination.","volume":"2019","author":"The National Tuberculosis Advisory Committee for the Communicable Diseases Network of Australia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R11","unstructured":"Chaves NJ, Paxton G, Biggs BA, Thambiran A, Smith M, Williams J,  Recommendations for comprehensive post-arrival health assessment for people from refugee-like backgrounds. Surry Hills (Australia): Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases; 2016."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801218","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01218-2018","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of latent tuberculosis in a low-incidence setting:\u00a0Australia.","volume":"52","author":"Dale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800591","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00591-2018","article-title":"Screening for tuberculosis in migrants and visitors from high-incidence settings: present and future perspectives.","volume":"52","author":"Dobler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70966-1","article-title":"Pre-entry screening programmes for tuberculosis in migrants to low-incidence countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"14","author":"Aldridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-3","article-title":"A comparative examination of tuberculosis immigration medical screening programs from selected countries with high immigration and low tuberculosis incidence rates.","volume":"11","author":"Alvarez","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2504.171630","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of latent tuberculosis infection screening before immigration to low-incidence countries.","volume":"25","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R17","first-page":"1530","article-title":"Pediatric tuberculosis immigration screening in high-immigration, low-incidence countries.","volume":"14","author":"Alvarez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-020-00072-5","article-title":"Tuberculosis in migrants - screening, surveillance and ethics.","volume":"12","author":"Scandurra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pneumonia (Nathan)"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R19","unstructured":"Australian Government, Department of Home Affairs. Understanding immigration health changes for 20 November 2015 [cited 2018 Aug 11]. www.homeaffairs.gov.au\/Visasupport\/Pages\/br3-health-client.aspx."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R20","unstructured":"Australian Government, Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Panel member instructions: Australian immigration medical examinations July 2016. Canberra (Australia): Australian Government; 2016."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0019","article-title":"Capacity strengthening through pre-migration tuberculosis screening programmes: IRHWG experiences.","volume":"21","author":"Douglas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2021.100135","article-title":"Tuberculosis in migrants to Australia: Outcomes of a national screening program.","volume":"10","author":"Trauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R23","unstructured":"Australian Government, Department of Home Affairs. What health examinations you need. 2020 [cited 2021 Apr 23]. https:\/\/immi.homeaffairs.gov.au\/help-support\/meeting-our-requirements\/health\/what-health-examinations-you-need"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R24","unstructured":"Australian Government, Department of Home Affairs. Meeting Our Requirements - Health. 2021 [cited 2021 Apr 23]. https:\/\/immi.homeaffairs.gov.au\/help-support\/meeting-our-requirements\/health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R25","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children, 2nd ed. Geneva: The Organization; 2014."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw778","article-title":"Official American Thoracic Society\/Infectious Diseases Society of America\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical practice guidelines: diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children.","volume":"64","author":"Lewinsohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-015-0273-2","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis infection among immigrant and refugee children arriving in the United States: 2010.","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R28","unstructured":"Australian Government, Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Department of Immigration and Border Protection Annual Report 2016\u20132017 [cited 2021 Jun 25]. https:\/\/www.homeaffairs.gov.au\/reports-and-pubs\/Annualreports\/2016-17\/Complete.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14142","article-title":"\u2018I think we\u2019ve had a health screen\u2019: New offshore screening, new refugee health guidelines, new Syrian and Iraqi cohorts: Recommendations, reality, results and review.","volume":"55","author":"Heenan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R30","first-page":"E204","article-title":"National position statement for the management of latent tuberculosis infection.","volume":"41","author":"Stock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell Q Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R31","first-page":"E199","article-title":"National Tuberculosis Advisory Committee Guideline: management of tuberculosis risk in healthcare workers in Australia.","volume":"41","author":"Waring","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell Q Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R32","first-page":"E578","article-title":"Treatment of latent tuberculosis in migrants to Victoria.","volume":"39","author":"Flynn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell Q Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0935","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening migrants for active tuberculosis and latent tuberculous infection.","volume":"21","author":"Zenner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz569","article-title":"Estimating long-term tuberculosis reactivation rates in Australian migrants.","volume":"70","author":"Dale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0845","article-title":"Tuberculosis in migrants in low-incidence countries: epidemiology and intervention entry points.","volume":"21","author":"L\u00f6nnroth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13121","article-title":"Perspectives of Vietnamese, Sudanese and South Sudanese immigrants on targeting migrant communities for latent tuberculosis screening and treatment in low-incidence settings: A report on two Victorian community panels.","volume":"23","author":"Degeling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00072-4","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for active tuberculosis in migrants screened before entry to the UK: a population-based cross-sectional study.","volume":"16","author":"Aldridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30194-9","article-title":"Post-migration follow-up of migrants identified to be at increased risk of developing tuberculosis at pre-migration screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"17","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab150","article-title":"Modelling the cost-effectiveness of latent tuberculosis screening and treatment strategies in recent migrants to a low incidence setting.","volume":"191","author":"Dale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab193","article-title":"Invited commentary: the role of tuberculosis screening among migrants to low-incidence settings in (not) achieving elimination.","volume":"191","author":"Campbell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R41","first-page":"1192","article-title":"False-positive tuberculin skin tests: what is the absolute effect of BCG and non-tuberculous mycobacteria?","volume":"10","author":"Farhat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid2809.212426-202208171223-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207687","article-title":"The impact of BCG vaccination on tuberculin skin test responses in children is age dependent: evidence to be considered when screening children for tuberculosis infection.","volume":"71","author":"Seddon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thorax"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/28\/9\/21-2426_article","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T17:56:41Z","timestamp":1732989401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/28\/9\/21-2426_article.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2809.212426","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}}}