{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:09:47Z","timestamp":1793225387788,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"DOI":"10.3201\/eid3004.231141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T16:04:43Z","timestamp":1711123483000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Divergent Pathogenesis and Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) in Swine"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Bailey","family":"Arruda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L. Vincent","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tavis K.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mia","family":"Torchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nichole Hines","family":"Bergeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Lea","family":"Killian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Lantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1822","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0115-z","article-title":"Host and viral determinants of influenza A virus species specificity.","volume":"17","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.02.003","article-title":"H5N1 pathogenesis studies in mammalian models.","volume":"178","author":"Belser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1610.100508","article-title":"Influenza A (H5N1) viruses from pigs, Indonesia.","volume":"16","author":"Nidom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Technical report: highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses [cited 2023 Mar 24]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/avianflu\/spotlights\/2022-2023\/h5n1-technical-report.htm#human-cases"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R5","unstructured":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Office. 2022\u20132024 detections of highly pathogenic avian influenza in mammals [cited 2023 Dec 15]. https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/aphis\/ourfocus\/animalhealth\/animal-disease-information\/avian\/avian-influenza\/hpai-2022\/2022-hpai-mammals"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R6","unstructured":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Office. 2022\u201320243 confirmations of highly pathogenic avian influenza in commercial and backyard flocks [cited 2023 Mar 24]. https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/aphis\/ourfocus\/animalhealth\/animal-disease-information\/avian\/avian-influenza\/hpai-2022\/2022-hpai-commercial-backyard-flocks"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a038679","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038679","article-title":"Pathobiological origins and evolutionary history of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2017.18.S1.269","article-title":"Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4.","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0060922","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00609-22","article-title":"Has epizootic become enzootic? Evidence for a fundamental change in the infection dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Europe, 2021.","volume":"13","author":"Pohlmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2805.220318","article-title":"Intercontinental movement of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4 virus to the United States, 2021.","volume":"28","author":"Bevins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38415-7","article-title":"Rapid evolution of A(H5N1) influenza viruses after intercontinental spread to North America.","volume":"14","author":"Kandeil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2023.109860","article-title":"H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b in wild and domestic birds: Introductions into the United States and reassortments, December 2021-April 2022.","volume":"587","author":"Youk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6235","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00127-16","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 viruses exhibit enhanced affinity for human type sialic acid receptor and in-contact transmission in model ferrets.","volume":"90","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2099","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2099","article-title":"Pandemic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses.","volume":"30","author":"Yamaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69535-5","article-title":"Characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in the ferret model.","volume":"10","author":"Pulit-Penaloza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16139-1","article-title":"Avian influenza H5N6 viruses exhibit differing pathogenicities and transmissibilities in mammals.","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R17","first-page":"e07917","article-title":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza. Avian influenza overview December 2022\u2013March 2023.","volume":"21","author":"Adlhoch","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R18","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in Chile [cited 2023 May 2]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/avianflu\/spotlights\/2022-2023\/chile-first-case-h5n1-addendum.htm"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.07.017","article-title":"Evaluation of hemagglutinin subtype 1 swine influenza viruses from the United States.","volume":"118","author":"Vincent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2023.109860","article-title":"H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b in wild and domestic birds: introductions into the United States and reassortments, December 2021\u2013April 2022.","volume":"587","author":"Youk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D466","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw857","article-title":"Influenza Research Database: an integrated bioinformatics resource for influenza virus research.","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv449","article-title":"SNPGenie: estimating evolutionary parameters to detect natural selection using pooled next-generation sequencing data.","volume":"31","author":"Nelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985812439724","article-title":"Kinetics of lung lesion development and pro-inflammatory cytokine response in pigs with vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease induced by challenge with pandemic (2009) A\/H1N1 influenza virus.","volume":"49","author":"Gauger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2023.105169","article-title":"Mucin 4 is a cellular biomarker of necrotizing bronchiolitis in influenza A virus infection.","volume":"25","author":"Arruda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000102","article-title":"Domestic pigs have low susceptibility to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.","volume":"4","author":"Lipatov","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12463","article-title":"Absence of clinical disease and contact transmission of HPAI H5NX clade 2.3.4.4 from North America in experimentally infected pigs.","volume":"11","author":"Kaplan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2907.230296","article-title":"Low susceptibility of pigs against experimental infection with HPAI virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b.","volume":"29","author":"Graaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.181472","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus in gray seals, Baltic Sea.","volume":"25","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2711.211225","article-title":"Encephalitis and death in wild mammals at a rehabilitation center after infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus, United Kingdom.","volume":"27","author":"Floyd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2043726","article-title":"Infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (HPAIV) H5N8 in harbor seals at the German North Sea coast, 2021.","volume":"11","author":"Postel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2711.211281","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in wild red foxes, the Netherlands, 2021.","volume":"27","author":"Rijks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.15.62","article-title":"H5N1 influenza virulence, pathogenicity and transmissibility: what do we know?","volume":"10","author":"Neumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008191","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008191","article-title":"Quantifying within-host diversity of H5N1 influenza viruses in humans and poultry in Cambodia.","volume":"16","author":"Moncla","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222526","article-title":"The potential for respiratory droplet-transmissible A\/H5N1 influenza virus to evolve in a mammalian host.","volume":"336","author":"Russell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0286722","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02867-22","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infections in wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) show neurotropism and adaptive virus mutations.","volume":"11","author":"Bordes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R36","first-page":"35","article-title":"Sialyloligosaccharides of the respiratory epithelium in the selection of human influenza virus receptor specificity.","volume":"40","author":"Baum","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Histochem Suppl"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1529","article-title":"Tropism of avian influenza A (H5N1) in the upper and lower respiratory tract.","volume":"13","author":"Nicholls","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/440435a","article-title":"Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway.","volume":"440","author":"Shinya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7880com","article-title":"Avian influenza receptor expression in H5N1-infected and noninfected human tissues.","volume":"22","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msv171","article-title":"Fitness inference from short-read data: within-host evolution of a reassortant H5N1 influenza virus.","volume":"32","author":"Illingworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051162","article-title":"Seroconversion of a swine herd in a free-range rural multi-species farm against HPAI H5N1 2.3.4.4b clade virus.","volume":"11","author":"Rosone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.020750-0","article-title":"Evolution of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses and the emergence of dominant variants.","volume":"91","author":"Neumann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20949","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710286104","article-title":"Identification of H2N3 influenza A viruses from swine in the United States.","volume":"104","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9322","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.9322-9327.2000","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of H4N6 avian influenza viruses from pigs with pneumonia in Canada.","volume":"74","author":"Karasin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.9.4349-4354.2004","article-title":"Characterization of avian H3N3 and H1N1 influenza A viruses isolated from pigs in Canada.","volume":"42","author":"Karasin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000678","article-title":"A highly pathogenic avian-derived influenza virus H5N1 with 2009 pandemic H1N1 internal genes demonstrates increased replication and transmission in pigs.","volume":"98","author":"Abente","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38415-7","article-title":"Rapid evolution of A(H5N1) influenza viruses after intercontinental spread to North America.","volume":"14","author":"Kandeil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2408-7","article-title":"ISU FLUture: a veterinary diagnostic laboratory web-based platform to monitor the temporal genetic patterns of Influenza A virus in swine.","volume":"19","author":"Zeller","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3004.231141-202403111227-R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638721995782","article-title":"Visualization and application of disease diagnosis codes for population health management using porcine diseases as a model.","volume":"33","author":"Trevisan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/30\/4\/23-1141_article","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T18:37:37Z","timestamp":1732905457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/30\/4\/23-1141_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3004.231141","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}}}