{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:23:19Z","timestamp":1789687399234,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"DOI":"10.3201\/eid3013.230859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T12:10:14Z","timestamp":1712059814000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Advancing Hepatitis C Elimination through Opt-Out Universal Screening and Treatment in Carceral Settings, United States"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Maeve","family":"McNamara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily J.","family":"Cartwright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1822","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad411","article-title":"Estimated prevalence and awareness of hepatitis C virus infection among U.S. adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, January 2017\u2013March 2020.","volume":"77","author":"Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S160","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad227","article-title":"Estimates of hepatitis C seroprevalence and viremia in state prison populations in the United States.","volume":"228","author":"Spaulding","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R3","unstructured":"Prison Policy Initiative. States of incarceration: the global context 2021 [cited 2023 Jun 20]. https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/global\/2021.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R4","unstructured":"US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Correctional populations in the United States, 2021\u2014statistical tables [cited 2023 May 19]. https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/document\/cpus21st.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R5","unstructured":"The Sentencing Project. US criminal justice data [cited 2023 Oct 1]. https:\/\/www.sentencingproject.org\/research\/us-criminal-justice-data"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxy002","article-title":"Prevalence of drug injection, sexual activity, tattooing, and piercing among prison inmates.","volume":"40","author":"Moazen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12938","article-title":"Incarceration and injection drug use in Baltimore, Maryland.","volume":"110","author":"Genberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030497","article-title":"The importance of prisons in achieving hepatitis C elimination: insights from the Australian experience.","volume":"14","author":"Winter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R9","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Numbers and rates of deaths with hepatitis C virus infection listed as a cause of death among residents, by demographic characteristics\u2014United States, 2017\u20132021. 2023 [cited 2023 Oct 17]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis\/statistics\/2021surveillance\/hepatitis-c\/table-3.8.htm"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wurcel AG, Guardado R, Beckwith CG. Hepatitis C virus is associated with increased mortality among incarcerated hospitalized persons in Massachusetts. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8:ofab579.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab579"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402454","article-title":"Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for untreated HCV genotype 1 infection.","volume":"370","author":"Afdhal","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00010","article-title":"A framework for management of hepatitis C in prisons.","volume":"144","author":"Spaulding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention and control of infections with hepatitis viruses in correctional settings.","volume":"52","author":"Weinbaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.144878","article-title":"Association between sustained virological response and all-cause mortality among patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced hepatic fibrosis.","volume":"308","author":"van der Meer","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31060","article-title":"AASLD-IDSA Hepatitis C Guidance Panel. Hepatitis C guidance 2019 update: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases-Infectious Diseases Society of America recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"71","author":"Ghany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13408","article-title":"Impact of direct-acting antiviral agents on liver function in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"28","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.013","article-title":"Incidence of liver- and non-liver-related outcomes in patients with HCV-cirrhosis after SVR.","volume":"76","author":"D\u2019Ambrosio","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354918772059","article-title":"Disparities in initiation of direct-acting antiviral agents for hepatitis C virus infection in an insured population.","volume":"133","author":"Marcus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301943","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Pennsylvania state prisons, 2004-2012: limitations of 1945-1965 birth cohort screening in correctional settings.","volume":"104","author":"Larney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1123","article-title":"Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.","volume":"323","author":"Owens","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6902a1","article-title":"CDC recommendations for hepatitis C screening among adults\u2014United States, 2020.","volume":"69","author":"Schillie","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R22","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. At-a-glance: CDC recommendations for correctional and detention settings. Testing, vaccination, and treatment for HIV, viral hepatitis, TB, and STIs. Aug 10, 2022 [cited 2023 May 21]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/correctionalhealth\/docs\/At-A-Glance-Corrections.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R23","unstructured":"Bhattacharya D, Aronsohn A, Price J, Lo Re V, AASLD-IDSA HCV Guidance Panel. Hepatitis C guidance 2023 update: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;May 25:ciad319."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0617","article-title":"Prevention of hepatitis C by screening and treatment in U.S. prisons.","volume":"164","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.08.016","article-title":"Hepatitis C testing and patient characteristics in Washington state\u2019s prisons between 2012 and 2016.","volume":"56","author":"Assoumou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R26","unstructured":"Nichols D, Gross BM. Hepatitis C in Indiana Department of Correction. Presented at: Unlocking HCV Care in Key Settings Conference; September 12\u201313, 2023 (virtual) [cited 2023 Nov 17]. https:\/\/nastad.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-11\/PDF_Unlocking_HCV_Care_In_Key_Settings_State_Correction_Facilities.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.19.2206","article-title":"Effects of adding ribavirin to interferon to treat chronic hepatitis C infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.","volume":"165","author":"Brok","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i28.2829","article-title":"Update on hepatitis C: Direct-acting antivirals.","volume":"7","author":"Seifert","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-019-00468-5","article-title":"The costs of hepatitis C by liver disease stage: estimates from the Veterans Health Administration.","volume":"17","author":"Gidwani-Marszowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz383","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness and budgetary impact of hepatitis C virus testing, treatment, and linkage to care in US prisons.","volume":"70","author":"Assoumou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2020.03.021","article-title":"Spending on hepatitis C antivirals in the United States and Canada, 2014 to 2018.","volume":"23","author":"Shakeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e212291","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2021.2291","article-title":"Medicaid subscription-based payment models and implications for access to hepatitis C medications.","volume":"2","author":"Auty","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549071220S214","article-title":"Project ECHO: linking university specialists with rural and prison-based clinicians to improve care for people with chronic hepatitis C in New Mexico.","volume":"122","author":"Arora","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1910900","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.10900","article-title":"Assessment and comparison of hepatitis C viremia in the prison systems of New Mexico and Georgia.","volume":"2","author":"Spaulding","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R35","unstructured":"State of New Mexico. Executive budget recommendation, fiscal year 2021. January 2020 [cited 2023 May 19]. https:\/\/www.governor.state.nm.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/FY21-EXECUTIVE-BUDGET-RECOMMENDATION-FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R36","unstructured":"Deming P, Thornton P. Hepatitis C virus treatment in correctional settings: New Mexico experience. Presented at: Unlocking HCV Care in Key Settings Conference; September 12\u201313, 2023 (virtual) [cited 2023 Nov 17]. https:\/\/nastad.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-11\/PDF_Unlocking_HCV_Care_In_Key_Settings_State_Correction_Facilities.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R37","unstructured":"Federal Bureau of Prisons. Evaluation and management of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, clinical guidance. March 2021 [cited 2023 May 19]. https:\/\/www.bop.gov\/resources\/pdfs\/hcv_guidance.20210513.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44S","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354920904608","article-title":"Enforcement of legal remedies to secure hepatitis C virus treatment with direct-acting antiviral therapies in correctional facilities and Medicaid programs.","volume":"135","author":"Greenwald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.374","article-title":"Screening for HCV infection in jails.","volume":"307","author":"Spaulding","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2004438","article-title":"Hepatitis C treatment in prisons\u2014incarcerated people\u2019s uncertain right to direct-acting antiviral therapy.","volume":"383","author":"Daniels","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R41","unstructured":"American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; Infectious Diseases Society of American. HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C [cited 2023 May 21]. https:\/\/www.hcvguidelines.org"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R42","unstructured":"Human Rights Defense Center, Prison Legal News. Sixth circuit affirms Tennessee DOC\u2019s hepatitis C treatment due to lack of funds [cited 2023 Oct 26]. https:\/\/www.prisonlegalnews.org\/news\/2021\/feb\/1\/sixth-circuit-affirms-tennessee-docs-hepatitis-c-treatment-due-lack-funds"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R43","unstructured":"Sizemore L; Tennessee Department of Health. Hepatitis C virus care continuum for the Tennessee Department of Correction utilizing laboratory reports, 2016\u20132020. Presented at: Unlocking HCV Care in Key Settings Conference; September 12\u201313, 2023 (virtual) [cited 2023 Nov 17]. https:\/\/nastad.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-11\/PDF_Unlocking_HCV_Care_In_Key_Settings_State_Correction_Facilities.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R44","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Breaking the cycle: medication assisted treatment (MAT) in the criminal justice system. 2019 [cited 2023 May 4]. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/blog\/breaking-cycle-medication-assisted-treatment-mat-criminal-justice-system"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R45","unstructured":"Weizman S, Perez J, Manoff I, Baney M, El-Sabawi T. O\u2019Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law. Access to medications for opioid use disorder in U.S. jails and prisons: litigation, legislation, and policies. July 2021 [cited 2023 April 23]. https:\/\/oneill.law.georgetown.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/A-National-Snapshot-Access-to-Medications-for-Opioid-Use-Disorder-in-U.S.-Jails-and-Prisons.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14012","article-title":"Needle and syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing HCV transmission among people who inject drugs: findings from a Cochrane Review and meta-analysis.","volume":"113","author":"Platt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa105","article-title":"Concurrent initiation of hepatitis C and opioid use disorder treatment in people who inject drugs.","volume":"71","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-017-0055-0","article-title":"The continuum of hepatitis C care for criminal justice involved adults in the DAA era: a retrospective cohort study demonstrating limited treatment uptake and inconsistent linkage to community-based care.","volume":"5","author":"Hochstatter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Justice"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R49","unstructured":"Section KFF. 1115 waiver watch: how California will expand Medicaid pre-release services for incarcerated populations. February 7, 2023 [cited 2023 May 3]. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/policy-watch\/section-1115-waiver-watch-how-california-will-expand-medicaid-pre-release-services-for-incarcerated-populations"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.3692","article-title":"A national hepatitis C elimination program in the United States: a historic opportunity.","volume":"329","author":"Fleurence","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100567","article-title":"The hepatitis C virus care cascade in the New York City jail system during the direct acting antiviral treatment era, 2014-2017.","volume":"27","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549161310S215","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus testing and linkage to care in North Carolina and South Carolina jails, 2012\u20132014.","volume":"131","author":"Schoenbachler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3013.230859-202403261648-R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549221077070","article-title":"Statewide assessment of the hepatitis C virus care cascade for incarcerated persons in Vermont.","volume":"138","author":"Hale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/30\/13\/23-0859_article","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T13:37:04Z","timestamp":1732887424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/30\/13\/23-0859_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3013.230859","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}}}