{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:34:20Z","timestamp":1790616860013,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.3201\/eid3105.241749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T15:01:36Z","timestamp":1745506896000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Outbreak of Marburg Virus Disease, Equatorial Guinea, 2023"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Ngai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egmond Samir","family":"Evers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela Katherine Lao","family":"Seoane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Ameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julienne N.","family":"Anoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Barnadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary J.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Formenty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid Hammermeister","family":"Nezu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Jacquerioz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Klena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Laurenson-Schafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier le Polain","family":"de Waroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"Legand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Medialdea","family":"Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Metcalf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Morreale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"Negr\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justino Obama","family":"Nv\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitoha Ondo\u2019o","family":"Ayekaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris I.","family":"Pavlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Shoemaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaimara Torres","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mabel Varona","family":"Venta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily Z.","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florentino Abaga Ondo","family":"Ndoho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak Response Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1822","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001955","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001955","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Filoviridae 2024.","volume":"105","author":"Biedenkopf","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. History of Marburg outbreaks. 2024 [cited 2024 Nov 9]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/marburg\/outbreaks\/index.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051465","article-title":"Marburg hemorrhagic fever associated with multiple genetic lineages of virus.","volume":"355","author":"Bausch","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6497","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00069-06","article-title":"Marburgvirus genomics and association with a large hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Angola.","volume":"80","author":"Towner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1086\/652748","article-title":"Factors associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever: analysis of patient data from Uige, Angola.","volume":"201","author":"Roddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00095","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00095-19","article-title":"A forgotten episode of Marburg virus disease: Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1967.","volume":"84","author":"Ristanovi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.3390\/v4101878","article-title":"Forty-five years of Marburg virus research.","volume":"4","author":"Brauburger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2054760","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Marburg virus.","volume":"13","author":"Abir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Marburg virus disease fact sheet. 2021 Aug 7 [cited 2023 Jun 3]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/marburg-virus-disease"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1312.071115","article-title":"Studies of reservoir hosts for Marburg virus.","volume":"13","author":"Swanepoel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002877","article-title":"Seasonal pulses of Marburg virus circulation in juvenile Rousettus aegyptiacus bats coincide with periods of increased risk of human infection.","volume":"8","author":"Amman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000536","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000536","article-title":"Isolation of genetically diverse Marburg viruses from Egyptian fruit bats.","volume":"5","author":"Towner","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R13","unstructured":"Kingdon J. Rousettus aegyptiacus. In: Happold M, Happold D, editors. Mammals of Africa. Volume IV. Hedgehogs, shrews and bats. London: Bloomsbury Publishing; 2013. p. 289\u201391."},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007257","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007257","article-title":"Marburg virus disease outbreak in Kween District Uganda, 2017: Epidemiological and laboratory findings.","volume":"13","author":"Nyakarahuka","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.32","article-title":"Marburg virus in Ghana: a public health threat to Ghanaians and to Africans.","volume":"1","author":"Asaah Denkyira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Chall"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S796","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir312","article-title":"Outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever among miners in Kamwenge and Ibanda Districts, Uganda, 2007.","volume":"204","author":"Adjemian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32092-5","article-title":"Local, national, and regional viral haemorrhagic fever pandemic potential in Africa: a multistage analysis.","volume":"390","author":"Pigott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e764","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000764","article-title":"Marburg virus infection detected in a common African bat.","volume":"2","author":"Towner","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R19","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Geographic distribution of Marburg virus disease outbreaks on bats of Pteropodidae family. 2023 [cited 2025 Feb 3]. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/documents\/emergencies\/geographic-distribution-of-marburg-virus-disease-outbreaks-on-bats-of-pteropodidae-family-2023.pdf"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R20","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Case definition recommendations for Ebola or Marburg virus diseases: interim guideline. 2014 Aug 9 [cited 2023 Jun 3]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-EVD-CaseDef-14-1"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R21","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ebola and Marburg virus disease epidemics: preparedness, alert, control, and evaluation. 2014 [cited 2025 Feb 3]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/ebola-and-marburg-virus-disease-epidemics-preparedness-alert-control-and-evaluation"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R22","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Optimized supportive care for Ebola virus disease: clinical management standard operating procedures. 2019 [cited 2025 Feb 3]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/optimized-supportive-care-for-ebola-virus-disease"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2313181","article-title":"Case series of patients with Marburg virus disease, Equatorial Guinea, 2023.","volume":"391","author":"Fontana","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab180","article-title":"Ebola virus disease in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"116","author":"Kayem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ1024","article-title":"Dilemmas in managing pregnant women with Ebola: 2 case reports.","volume":"62","author":"Caluwaerts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2904.221022","article-title":"Mapping global bushmeat activities to improve zoonotic spillover surveillance by using geospatial modeling.","volume":"29","author":"Jagadesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R27","unstructured":"Sall AA, Ondo\u2019o Ayekaba M, Faye O,  First emergence of Marburg virus in Equatorial Guinea, 2023. 2023 Mar 1 [cited 2023 May 25]. https:\/\/virological.org\/t\/first-emergence-of-marburg-virus-in-equatorial-guinea-2023\/924"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14327-8","article-title":"Isolation of Angola-like Marburg virus from Egyptian rousette bats from West Africa.","volume":"11","author":"Amman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R29","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Marburg virus disease\u2014Ghana. 2022 Sep 26 [cited 2023 May 24]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2022-DON409"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0011279","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011279","article-title":"Marburg virus in Egyptian Rousettus bats in Guinea: Investigation of Marburg virus outbreak origin in 2021.","volume":"17","author":"Makenov","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3105.241749-202504031738-R31","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Marburg virus disease\u2014the United Republic of Tanzania. 2023 Jun 2 [cited 2023 Jun 13]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2023-DON471"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T15:01:41Z","timestamp":1745506901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/31\/5\/24-1749_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3105.241749","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}}}