{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:59:33Z","timestamp":1791331173479,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.3201\/eid3114.241793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T02:39:42Z","timestamp":1769135982000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Postinfectious Syndromes and Long-Term Sequelae after\n                    <i>Giardia<\/i>\n                    Infections"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Shanna","family":"Miko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallavi A.","family":"Kache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Imada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Freeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia C.","family":"Haston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1822","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac940","article-title":"Giardia detection and codetection with other enteric pathogens in young children in the vaccine impact on diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) case-control study: 2015\u20132018.","volume":"76","author":"Marcenac","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2019.12.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis and post-infectious complications in giardiasis.","volume":"107","author":"Allain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.190676","article-title":"Estimate of burden and direct healthcare cost of infectious waterborne disease in the United States.","volume":"27","author":"Collier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000370","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000370","article-title":"Relationship between growth and illness, enteropathogens and dietary intakes in the first 2 years of life: findings from the MAL-ED birth cohort study.","volume":"2","author":"MAL-ED Network Investigators","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piw082","article-title":"Determinants and impact of Giardia infection in the first 2 years of life in the MAL-ED birth cohort.","volume":"6","author":"Rogawski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13559","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13559","article-title":"Quality of life and its association with irritable bowel syndrome and fatigue ten years after giardiasis.","volume":"31","author":"Litleskare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01810-6","article-title":"Unexplained post-acute infection syndromes.","volume":"28","author":"Choutka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.007","article-title":"Post-infection irritable bowel syndrome.","volume":"50","author":"Berumen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-017-0614-4","article-title":"From good health to illness with post-infectious fatigue syndrome: a qualitative study of adults\u2019 experiences of the illness trajectory.","volume":"18","author":"Stormorken","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1097\/mcg.0b013e31821fbf58","article-title":"Postinfectious functional gastrointestinal disorders.","volume":"45","author":"Mearin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230x-9-27","article-title":"Development of functional gastrointestinal disorders after Giardia lamblia infection.","volume":"9","author":"Hanevik","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2012.18.3.258","article-title":"An update on post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: role of genetics, immune activation, serotonin and altered microbiome.","volume":"18","author":"Spiller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12856","article-title":"Postinfectious and sporadic functional gastrointestinal disorders have different prevalences and rates of overlap: results from a controlled cohort study 3 years after acute giardiasis.","volume":"28","author":"Wensaas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-015-0393-0","article-title":"Perceived food intolerance and irritable bowel syndrome in a population 3\u00a0years after a giardiasis-outbreak: a historical cohort study.","volume":"15","author":"Litleskare","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2007.00988.x","article-title":"Increased visceral sensitivity in Giardia-induced postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia. Effect of the 5HT3-antagonist ondansetron.","volume":"19","author":"Dizdar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300220","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue 3 years after acute giardiasis: historic cohort study.","volume":"61","author":"Wensaas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu629","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue 6 years after giardia infection: a controlled prospective cohort study.","volume":"59","author":"Hanevik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.01.022","article-title":"Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue 10 years after Giardia infection.","volume":"16","author":"Litleskare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309460","article-title":"Psychological comorbidity increases the risk for postinfectious IBS partly by enhanced susceptibility to develop infectious gastroenteritis.","volume":"65","author":"Wouters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2019.1607897","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analyses: does the pathogen matter in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome?","volume":"54","author":"Svendsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taad030","article-title":"Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome following a diagnosis of traveller\u2019s diarrhoea: a comprehensive characterization of clinical and laboratory parameters.","volume":"30","author":"Espa\u00f1a-Cueto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw621","article-title":"Giardiasis and subsequent irritable bowel syndrome: a longitudinal cohort study using health insurance data.","volume":"215","author":"Nakao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13006","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: post-infectious functional dyspepsia.","volume":"41","author":"Futagami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105215","article-title":"The neglected role of Blastocystis sp. and Giardia lamblia in development of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"162","author":"Abedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.12.039","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of irritable bowel syndrome after infectious enteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"152","author":"Klem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-206","article-title":"Severity of Giardia infection associated with post-infectious fatigue and abdominal symptoms two years after.","volume":"9","author":"M\u00f8rch","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-016-0030-0","article-title":"Giardia lamblia infection increases risk of chronic gastrointestinal disorders.","volume":"2","author":"Dormond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.06.012","article-title":"Study of nonoutbreak giardiasis: novel findings and implications for research.","volume":"124","author":"Cantey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2021-0122","article-title":"Prevalence of fibromyalgia 10 years after infection with Giardia lamblia: a controlled prospective cohort study.","volume":"22","author":"Hunskar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8974","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i47.8974","article-title":"Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections.","volume":"19","author":"Halliez","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-016-0078-y","article-title":"Long-term consequences of Cryptosporidium and Giardia gastroenteritis.","volume":"3","author":"Hanevik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2011.562533","article-title":"Reactive arthritis in a population exposed to an extensive waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak after sewage contamination in Pirkanmaa, Finland.","volume":"40","author":"Uotila","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268816002120","article-title":"Association between Giardia and arthritis or joint pain in a large health insurance cohort: could it be reactive arthritis?","volume":"145","author":"Painter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152094","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical and paraclinical findings in patients with reactive arthritis caused by giardiasis: A systematic review.","volume":"57","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-28","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome 5 years after giardiasis: differential diagnoses, characteristics and natural course.","volume":"13","author":"M\u00f8rch","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-13","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome after Giardia enteritis: clinical characteristics, disability and long-term sickness absence.","volume":"12","author":"Naess","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1992.00400200049009","article-title":"Clinical, epidemiologic, and virologic studies in four clusters of the chronic fatigue syndrome.","volume":"152","author":"Levine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-015-0296-0","article-title":"The relationship between irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, chronic fatigue and overactive bladder syndrome: a controlled study 6 years after acute gastrointestinal infection.","volume":"15","author":"Persson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.01.010","article-title":"High rate of fatigue and abdominal symptoms 2 years after an outbreak of giardiasis.","volume":"103","author":"M\u00f8rch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-014-3109-9","article-title":"An insight into the gastrointestinal component of fibromyalgia: clinical manifestations and potential underlying mechanisms.","volume":"35","author":"Slim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, disability-adjusted life-years, and healthy life expectancy for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1179\/1465328111Y.0000000003","article-title":"Effect of cryptosporidial and giardial diarrhoea on social maturity, intelligence and physical growth in children in a semi-urban slum in south India.","volume":"31","author":"Ajjampur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07744-9","article-title":"Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up study.","volume":"359","author":"Berkman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23981-5","article-title":"Stunting among children aged 24-59\u00a0months and associations with sanitation, enteric infections, and environmental enteric dysfunction in rural northwest Ethiopia.","volume":"12","author":"Gizaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081833","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1081833","article-title":"Impact of enteropathogens on faltering growth in a resource-limited setting.","volume":"9","author":"Kabir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa128","article-title":"Evolving epidemiology of reported giardiasis cases in the United States, 1995\u20132016.","volume":"72","author":"Coffey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12246","article-title":"Paediatrician and caregiver awareness of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in children: US survey responses.","volume":"63","author":"Munoz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.12.011","article-title":"Childhood parasitic infections endemic to the United States.","volume":"60","author":"Barry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01305-z","article-title":"Knowledge and practices of primary care physicians or general practitioners treating post-infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome.","volume":"20","author":"Austhof","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3114.241793-202601161023-R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix138","article-title":"Giardiasis diagnosis and treatment practices among commercially insured persons in the United States.","volume":"64","author":"Beer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T02:39:43Z","timestamp":1769135983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/31\/14\/24-1793_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3114.241793","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}}}