{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:21:12Z","timestamp":1790299272757,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.3201\/eid3204.250934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T20:46:23Z","timestamp":1774989983000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Geographically Distinct Circulation of Genotype II and III St. Louis Encephalitis Virus, Texas, USA, 2009\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Alexander R.","family":"Kneubehl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca M.","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Bolling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angie","family":"Broussard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Vela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Templeton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximea","family":"Vigilant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Standlee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Presley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Job E.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon E.","family":"Ronca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1822","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.180372","article-title":"Reemergence of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Americas.","volume":"24","author":"Diaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2005)042[0367:AHAMDC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Avian host and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence determine the efficiency of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission.","volume":"42","author":"Reisen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.6.968","article-title":"Experimental infection of California birds with western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses.","volume":"40","author":"Reisen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-36.1.13","article-title":"Role of peridomestic birds in the transmission of St. Louis encephalitis virus in southern California.","volume":"36","author":"Gruwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.1120","article-title":"The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) as a sentinel for St. Louis encephalitis virus.","volume":"32","author":"McLean","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1934.02750360004003","article-title":"Epidemiology of epidemic encephalitis, St. Louis type.","volume":"103","author":"Leake","year":"1934","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0420","article-title":"Louis encephalitis virus disease in the United States, 2003\u20132017.","volume":"99","author":"Curren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0010664","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010664","article-title":"Epidemiologic and environmental characterization of the re-emergence of St. Louis encephalitis virus in California, 2015\u20132020.","volume":"16","author":"Danforth","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2572","article-title":"Comparison of characteristics of patients with West Nile Virus or St. Louis encephalitis virus neuroinvasive disease during concurrent outbreaks, Maricopa County, Arizona, 2015.","volume":"20","author":"Venkat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R10","first-page":"845","article-title":"Outbreak of West Nile-like viral encephalitis\u2014New York, 1999.","volume":"48","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1999","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R11","first-page":"494","article-title":"Persistent West Nile virus transmission and the apparent displacement St. Louis encephalitis virus in southeastern California, 2003-2006.","volume":"45","author":"Reisen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.974","article-title":"Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, 1999-2007.","volume":"79","author":"Reimann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59403-8_1","article-title":"The Japanese encephalitis serological group of flaviviruses: a brief introduction to the group.","volume":"267","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.480","article-title":"Previous infection with West Nile or St. Louis encephalitis viruses provides cross protection during reinfection in house finches.","volume":"75","author":"Fang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0363","article-title":"Cross-protection between West Nile virus and emerging flaviviruses in wild birds.","volume":"112","author":"Bosco-Lauth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050170007","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of the envelope gene of St. Louis encephalitis virus.","volume":"146","author":"Kramer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.019117-0","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Saint Louis encephalitis virus in the Brazilian Amazon: genetic divergence and dispersal.","volume":"91","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060486","article-title":"Genotype III Saint Louis encephalitis virus outbreak, Argentina, 2005.","volume":"12","author":"Diaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R19","first-page":"1349","article-title":"Concurrent outbreaks of St. Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile Virus disease\u2014Arizona, 2015.","volume":"64","author":"Venkat","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160805","article-title":"Reemergence of St. Louis encephalitis Virus, California, 2015.","volume":"22","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667895","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.667895","article-title":"St. Louis encephalitis virus in the southwestern United States: a phylogeographic case for a multi-variant introduction event.","volume":"12","author":"Ridenour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008343","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008343","article-title":"Movement of St. Louis encephalitis virus in the Western United States, 2014- 2018.","volume":"14","author":"Swetnam","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.1.11425155","article-title":"Multiple genotypes of St. Louis encephalitis virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) circulate in Harris County, Texas.","volume":"64","author":"Chandler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.676","article-title":"The 2002 introduction of West Nile virus into Harris County, Texas, an area historically endemic for St. Louis encephalitis.","volume":"70","author":"Lillibridge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112129","article-title":"The epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis in Corpus Christi, Texas, 1966.","volume":"102","author":"Williams","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120768","article-title":"The epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis in Houston, Texas, 1964.","volume":"86","author":"Luby","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R27","unstructured":"Kneubehl AR. Texas-SLEV-genome-surveillance. 2025 [cited 2025 Jan 1]. https:\/\/github.com\/kneubehl\/Texas-SLEV-Genome-Surveillance"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.12.4506-4513.2001","article-title":"Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assays for rapid detection of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses.","volume":"39","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49957-9","article-title":"Olivar: towards\u00a0automated variant aware primer design for multiplex tiled amplicon sequencing of pathogens.","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability.","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx281","article-title":"UFBoot2: Improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation.","volume":"35","author":"Hoang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015","article-title":"IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era.","volume":"37","author":"Minh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vew007","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vew007","article-title":"Exploring the temporal structure of heterochronous sequences using TempEst (formerly Path-O-Gen).","volume":"2","author":"Rambaut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-7-214","article-title":"BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees.","volume":"7","author":"Drummond","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/000190-0","article-title":"Genetic variation of St. Louis encephalitis virus.","volume":"89","author":"May","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.07.006","article-title":"Evolution and dispersal of St. Louis encephalitis virus in the Americas.","volume":"9","author":"Auguste","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lincoln FC. The waterfowl flyways of North America. Washington: US Department of Agriculture; 1935. p. 7\u20138.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.64010"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114969","article-title":"Entomologic studies after a St. Louis encephalitis epidemic in Grand Junction, Colorado.","volume":"128","author":"Tasi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1967.16.675","article-title":"Ecology of arboviruses in Hale County, Texas, during 1965.","volume":"16","author":"Hayes","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05051-3","article-title":"Updated distribution maps of predominant Culex mosquitoes across the Americas.","volume":"14","author":"Gorris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121436","article-title":"Recurrent St. Louis encephalitis infection in residents of a flood plain of the Trinity River, Roosevelt Heights (Dallas, Texas).","volume":"96","author":"Luby","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.16196516","article-title":"Louis encephalitis outbreak in Cameron County, Texas.","volume":"19","author":"Wiseman","year":"1959","journal-title":"Mosq News"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11050501","article-title":"Zoonotic disease testing practices in pediatric patients with meningitis and encephalitis in a subtropical region.","volume":"11","author":"Erickson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3204.250934-202603311645-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2209.152050","article-title":"Use of testing for West Nile virus and other arboviruses.","volume":"22","author":"Vanichanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T20:46:24Z","timestamp":1774989984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/32\/4\/25-0934_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3204.250934","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}