{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:07:23Z","timestamp":1789067243655,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emerg. Infect. Dis."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.3201\/eid3213.260472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T18:37:54Z","timestamp":1789065474000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation of Norovirus in Wastewater with Gastroenteritis-Related Hospitalizations, New York, USA, 2022\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.3201","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Ozioma F.","family":"Nwabor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alazawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynsey","family":"Schoultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishwarya","family":"Jadhav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mila","family":"Neyra-Blatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinyin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"St. George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1822","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00884-2","article-title":"A narrative review of norovirus epidemiology, biology, and challenges to vaccine development.","volume":"9","author":"Carlson","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Updated norovirus outbreak management and disease prevention guidelines.","volume":"60","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001318","article-title":"Updated classification of norovirus genogroups and genotypes.","volume":"100","author":"Chhabra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87719-9","article-title":"Genomic diversity and comparative phylogenomic analysis of genus Norovirus.","volume":"15","author":"Doh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13771-z","article-title":"Can cases and outbreaks of norovirus in children provide an early warning of seasonal norovirus infection: an analysis of nine seasons of surveillance data in England UK.","volume":"22","author":"Donaldson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006671","article-title":"Host, weather and virological factors drive norovirus epidemiology: time-series analysis of laboratory surveillance data in England and Wales.","volume":"4","author":"Lopman","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa292","article-title":"The clinical and economic burden of norovirus gastroenteritis in the United States.","volume":"222","author":"Bartsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.07.012","article-title":"Norovirus infection in older adults: epidemiology, risk factors, and opportunities for prevention and control.","volume":"31","author":"Cardemil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-14","article-title":"Norovirus.","volume":"28","author":"Robilotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0690-1","article-title":"Tracking COVID-19 with wastewater.","volume":"38","author":"Larsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22829","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18202-x","article-title":"Norovirus detection in wastewater and its correlation with human gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000198","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000198","article-title":"Norovirus GII wastewater monitoring for epidemiological surveillance.","volume":"3","author":"Ammerman","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Water"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-023-00592-4","article-title":"Human norovirus (HuNoV) GII RNA in wastewater solids at 145 United States wastewater treatment plants: comparison to positivity rates of clinical specimens and modeled estimates of HuNoV GII shedders.","volume":"34","author":"Boehm","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06940-8","article-title":"Norovirus trends in British Columbia from 2021 to 2022: the relationship between wastewater surveillance and clinical outbreak data during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"15","author":"Treagus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122152","article-title":"Piloting wastewater-based surveillance of norovirus in England.","volume":"263","author":"Walker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3107.250524","article-title":"Increasing predominance of norovirus GII.17 over GII.4, United States, 2022\u20132025.","volume":"31","author":"Barclay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567132","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1567132","article-title":"Detection of IgG antibody against the porcine norovirus GII.11 in human, domestic and wild animals.","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39202","article-title":"The genetic diversity of genogroup I noroviruses causing acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Beijing between 2014 and 2023.","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000001797","article-title":"Establishing a statewide wastewater surveillance system in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a reliable model for continuous and emerging public health threats.","volume":"29","author":"Neyra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Public Health Manag Pract"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0077725","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00777-25","article-title":"Recovering wastewater RNA for virome sequencing by systematically optimized tangential-flow ultrafiltration and Nanotrap microbiome particles.","volume":"91","author":"Segelhurst","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wroa.2021.100100","article-title":"Co-quantification of crAssphage increases confidence in wastewater-based epidemiology for SARS-CoV-2 in low prevalence areas.","volume":"11","author":"Wilder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res X"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2025.100867","article-title":"A pilot study to correlate wastewater and clinical surveillance for hepatitis A in New York state.","volume":"53","author":"Weidmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2021.103933","article-title":"Simultaneous quantification of hepatitis A virus and norovirus genogroup I and II by triplex droplet digital PCR.","volume":"103","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R24","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. International classification of diseases, 10th revision, clinical modification (ICD-10). 2024 [cited 2025 Oct 13]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/icd\/icd-10-cm"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R25","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Using the wastewater viral activity level. 2026 [cited 2026 Aug 17]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/wastewater\/about\/wval.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac627","article-title":"Spatiotemporal trends in norovirus outbreaks in the United States, 2009\u20132019.","volume":"76","author":"Kambhampati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0318077","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318077","article-title":"Seasonality of medically attended norovirus gastroenteritis and its association with climatic factors within an US integrated healthcare system, 2016\u20132019.","volume":"20","author":"Mattison","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177676","article-title":"The effect of the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) on spatial aggregation of COVID-19 wastewater surveillance data.","volume":"957","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2023.10.004","article-title":"Wastewater surveillance provides 10-days forecasting of COVID-19 hospitalizations superior to cases and test positivity: a prediction study.","volume":"8","author":"Hill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Model"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116160","article-title":"Identification of multiple potential viral diseases in a large urban center using wastewater surveillance.","volume":"184","author":"McCall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100911","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00150-2","article-title":"Detection of dengue virus and chikungunya virus in wastewater in Portugal: an exploratory surveillance study.","volume":"5","author":"Monteiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e340","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00386-X","article-title":"Wastewater concentrations of human influenza, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, and seasonal coronavirus nucleic-acids during the COVID-19 pandemic: a surveillance study.","volume":"4","author":"Boehm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129848","article-title":"Correlation between SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration in wastewater and COVID-19 cases in community: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"441","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R34","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Norovirus facts and stats. 2024 [cited 2025 Aug 8]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/norovirus\/data-research\/index.html"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2025.100825","article-title":"Analysis insights to support the use of wastewater and environmental surveillance data for infectious diseases and pandemic preparedness.","volume":"51","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis372","article-title":"Severe outcomes are associated with genogroup 2 genotype 4 norovirus outbreaks: a systematic literature review.","volume":"55","author":"Desai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.3201\/eid3213.260472-202609101429-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1525","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1001","article-title":"Characteristics of GII.4 norovirus versus other genotypes in sporadic pediatric infections in Davidson County, Tennessee, USA.","volume":"73","author":"Haddadin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Emerging Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T18:37:56Z","timestamp":1789065476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/32\/13\/26-0472_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3213.260472","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-6040","type":"print"},{"value":"1080-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}}}